article Source: Journal of Humanities
Transfer: scent of ink academic, author: Cai Heng Jin Wang Kai
1 Introduction
the past few decades, the development of humanities can be described as rough. As the world's leading country in higher education, the United States has continuously reduced the number of undergraduate degrees awarded in the humanities since the 1980s. Although the Classification of Instructional Programs in American colleges and universities has expanded the scope of the humanities, for example, including areas and gender, religion, and art, the fate of "core" majors has not improved. In 2014, the undergraduates of humanities in American universities accounted for only 6.1% of all disciplines, compared with 17.2% in 1967. On June 8, 2015, the then Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Shimomura Hirofumi issued the "Notice of Reconsideration of Organizations and Businesses of National University Legal Persons" to the presidents of 86 national universities in Japan in accordance with the "National University Legal Person Act". Seen as an instruction to "abolish" and "completely reform" the humanities of Japanese universities, a big discussion about "Do we still need liberal arts?" Compared with the development of humanities,
is a "science" composed of natural sciences, behavioral sciences, and social sciences, especially the continuous development of computers and network communication technologies, and today's artificial intelligence, blockchain, quantum computing, etc. Emerging technologies are attracting attention, and waves of hot topics have been generated in the field of science around the world, and the wealth-making effect has made people burst into blood. In such an era of artificial intelligence, what is the human value?
Computationalism can be understood as a theory about mind or cognition. It is a mainstream research paradigm in cognitive science and artificial intelligence with a history of more than half a century. The basic idea of calculationism can be summarized as: cognition is calculation. Contemporary calculationism manifests itself in many forms: logical calculationism and symbolic calculationism, from cognitive calculationism to life calculationism to cosmological calculationism. These are the strong ontological principles of calculationism, or "strong calculations". Ism". Pythagoras's "All things are number", Leibniz's "all thinking can be regarded as the formal operation of symbols" and Turing's man-machine criterion are the pioneers of strong calculationism. Turing's proposition can be described as: a powerful computer will reflect intelligence. This is a fully unnecessary condition that Turing put forward for intelligence. Computationalism has far-reaching influence. Stephen Hawking once said that "philosophy is dead", and Elon Musk believes that human beings live in a huge matrix. The Western world has already gone further and further on the road of computationalism, but blindly pursuing machine efficiency is likely to bring huge risks. One extreme of
scientism is strong calculationism, which claims that everything including human consciousness is computable. Strong calculationism deletes semantics and only leaves grammar, and deletes material content only leaves pure mathematical structure, so there are many limitations. For example, logical atomism and Turing's strong calculationism (expressed in Turing's criterion) or the philosophy of mind (mind is a computer) have all encountered such doubts: if calculation is regarded as a symbolic processing So can syntactic symbolic operations explain semantics? Is the semantic use of words unique? Can all human cognitive abilities be formalized and calculable? Does human mental activity have no other function besides calculation? The weakness of strong calculationism lies in the belief that in addition to "calculation", everything is "calculation" in matter, life, and mind.
We refute strong calculationism from both physical and human aspects. On the one hand, judging from the current progress in physics research, there are many contradictions and fractures in the world we live in, which cannot be explained by a set of self-consistent and complete systems. Therefore, strong computationalism cannot be realized. On the other hand, on the basis of analyzing human cognitive process and human development history, we believe that humanistic value lies in the subjective initiative that we can exert as agents or cognitive subjects. Strong calculationism advocates that everything including human consciousness is computable, and denies the space for human subjective initiative. This view is not only wrong in the era when artificial intelligence capabilities surpass humans one by one, but also very dangerous. of.
2 Fracture in the physical world
diagramThe inspiration seems to be all-encompassing and calculating everything, but life is not completely calculable. What is the source? On the one hand, we cannot find a complete and perfect rule of life. On the other hand, we will make mistakes.
From the perspective of physics, we can believe that computationalism can write a complete set of rules, but is this belief really credible? We can find counter-evidence in physics, such as light, whether it is a wave or a particle. The two are actually in conflict. Even if we say wave-particle duality, we do not completely unify the two sets of theories. General relativity and quantum mechanics are also in conflict, and until now there is no perfect fusion, and even superstring theory has not been recognized.
There is a Navier-Stokes equation in the millennium problem. Until now, the existence of the solution of the Navier-Stokes equation cannot be completely solved. One of the reasons is the large-scale motion. Converted into small-scale motion, and the small-scale motion has dissipation, but still has viscosity, the situation is very complicated. It is worth noting that even under such simple conditions, the structure may become complex from a very simple state at the beginning, and it is not a variable introduced from the boundary at the beginning, but a complete change within the system. This is true for simple physical systems, and similar situations exist for living systems. For example, we know that there will be commercial oligarchs, but we cannot simulate or predict in advance who will be able to grow what business and when, there will be many possibilities, even with supercomputers, the simulation is unclear.
In the microscopic theory, whether it is Newtonian mechanics or quantum mechanics, time is reversible, but when it comes to macroscopic thermodynamics, time is irreversible. The second type of perpetual motion machine cannot be realized, and the increase in entropy is discovered. Thinking from a microscopic point of view, we still cannot find a suitable explanation. Even the ergodic theory of various states cannot answer well, why the microscopic equation itself is reversible, but the macroscopic level is irreversible. In other words, the macro cannot be deduced from the micro. The macro is different from the micro, a new existence, and there is a break (leap) between the two. These inconsistencies in physics reflect new laws, which show that even in physics, they cannot always be restored. In this way, we can put aside calculationism and allow free will to exist, and free will cannot be fully included in larger and more rules. This can also be seen from the "self" to the "original consciousness" "There is a basis.
(1) Ubiquitous saddle points
There are a lot of saddle points in complex systems. In differential equations, we call the critical point that is stable in one direction and unstable in the other direction as a saddle point. The saddle point can be regarded as the pole on the arc surface. Obviously, the state at this point is extremely unstable and it is very easy to slide to one side. In the dual state of the saddle point, it can be completely different from each other with only a small amount of energy. status. A large number of saddle points in a complex system means that there are too many possibilities, and it is not worthwhile to list all the possibilities. Because faced with too many options, there will be no choice, and the final difference caused by different options may be so great that even if 100 million possibilities are listed, it is still impossible to successfully simulate reality.
The subjective initiative of the cognitive subject entered the physical world with the saddle point as the breakthrough point. In the position of the saddle point, we can produce very different results with very little energy (for example, a stone ball that is still on the top of a mountain, humans can decide to roll left or right with a light push). There are many saddle points in the process of human interaction with the world, and all self-aware individuals can make choices. Not only can we make choices now, but we can also learn from past experience and lessons, and have expectations for the future, choosing a practice that is more conducive to achieving our expectations. In this sense, human subjective initiative is transcendent, and it is difficult to be simulated by machines.
(2) The break between the micro and the macro
We believe that once the particles in the micro state form an organization that can act in unison, they no longer have the original microscopic properties, but are completely new and cannot be derived from the micro It is concluded that this is the fracture between the micro and the macro, and measurement is a manifestation of the fracture. The significance of measurement is that when microscopic particles collide with macroscopic particles, they will collapse from many possibilities to a specific state. For example, the spin direction of a particle could be upwards or downwards. Once it collides with the measuring machine, its state is confirmed, or it is upwards.Either it is down, it is impossible to go up and down. The interaction between the macro and the micro (meeting) is the measurement. Once a macroscopic object is generated in the universe, the process of generation must be a phase change, and the phase change is inherently random. For example, the original state was chaotic and symmetrical to all angles, but now it is only symmetrical to a few axes. When these axes first come out, they may be completely random in the direction of space. Once the direction of the axis is determined, there are no other possibilities. , All microscopic particles interacting with it will also be determined, that is, they must be projected on the axis, and this determination cannot be predicted at the time of the Big Bang. Even if the Big Bang has all the initial and boundary conditions, we do not It is possible to calculate how these axes and directions are determined. Once a macroscopic object is produced, it will have an impact on the operation of the entire universe. For example, a certain macroscopic object formed is the function of a half lens, which means that half of the original light that is completely transparent will return. If the thickness of the half lens is exactly half the wavelength, this return will just cancel the wave. This has the meaning of changing history. If it is measured by humans, then consciously participate, but in the process of the evolution of the universe, consciousness may not be involved, but occasional fluctuations occur, causing certain particles to condense and form a common body of action, which may affect The original distribution of space has returned to the fundamental problem of physics: even if all equations and processes are correct, the new state will actually interfere with the operation of the entire universe. According to the original initial conditions, It is not feasible to calculate with boundary conditions, and this new content even conflicts with the original trajectory. Even the simple physical world has this kind of interference that may produce new states and new actors at any time. If it is at the level of human intelligence, the interference will be more and more complicated. Every new content generated will cause more or more to the entire world. Less impact. The hypothesis of
computationalism/Turing machine is indeed very powerful and difficult to break through, but it does not mean that it can explain everything. To find a very complete set of rules to describe the operating rules of this world may always only be idealism.
On the other hand, life forms often make mistakes, but this does not seriously affect the existence of life. Living bodies have memories, but memories are not completely objective and complete. There are many things even if they are clearly remembered at the time, they will become blurred later, and certain rules will be used in situations that are not applicable, which will lead to life. Not Turing computable. We should assume that the algorithm will make mistakes, need to be modified, and need to continue to evolve. It is impossible to be included at a higher level and become Turing computable. The von Neumann architecture itself is not completely Turing equivalent, because we allow errors, which is beyond the Turing machine.
3 The origin of "goodness": reincarnation dyes
in order to explain the incalculable fracture phenomenon in the physical world, and to pay full attention to the important role of human values in guiding the human world, we propose Serendipitism, which represents A positive, positive and accidental encounter. "Good" represents a direction towards "good", which stems from the "good" intentions human beings are born with. Neuropsychological studies have shown that since birth, there are an astonishing number of neurons in the brain. The weight of the brain increases rapidly from 0 to 5 years old, and this increase basically stops at 5 years old. In this process, the connections between neurons are constantly changing and strengthening. It is at this stage that children's brains quickly construct cognitive traps in the world, and are most affected by "goodness". We use "recursive acquisition" to summarize this process. There are three levels of reincarnation practice. The first level refers to that the physical environment of the earth provides relatively sufficient conditions for the growth of life, and children who cannot act independently perceive the goodwill from the natural world. From the perspective of evolution, the current human beings were only one of the early Homo sapiens at the beginning. After thousands of years of evolution, other types of early Homo sapiens have been eliminated by nature. Only we are the survivors-the only ones adapted Homo sapiens of the earth's environment at that time. There have been five natural mass extinctions of species in the history of the earth, and species extinctions have occurred every day. For humans, the physical probability of the livable status of the earth is actually very small, and contemporary man and nature have entered The state of evolution as one. The primitive goodwill reflected in the material world allowed the original human group to continue to survive and multiply. This is the reason why sacrifices and religions mystify the power of natural evolution, and these trapped constructions ultimately make the human raceThe group became stronger and stronger, and even became the spirit of all things. The second level of
reincarnation practice refers to that the parent provides the conditions for the growth of the offspring, and the child perceives the kindness from the caregiver. During the infant's 0 to 5 years of age, parents raise weak lives and provide longer guarantees for the healthy growth of the child than ordinary animals. This makes most of the information received by the infant during this period of "good". Moreover, in the baby's eyes, he is almost the center of the world. The baby's self-awareness grows rapidly at this stage, and the need for self-affirmation arises in the process of "reincarnation". He would feel that the world should be good, because most of what he got when he was a child was the "good" that he should have even noticed. Although it is difficult for most people to recall many experiences from 0 to 5 years old, the “goodness” received at this stage is actually the most, which is engraved in the brain along with the connections of brain neurons, which eventually forms personality and affects their lives. The third layer of
reincarnation practice refers to the transmission and strengthening of "good" between human generations. The various moral concepts related to "good" have evolved into what they are today after passing through generations and iterations. After experiencing these "good" practices, we have taught these concepts through words and deeds. This way is passed to the next generation. Life reincarnates eternally in "incompleteness" and "death", and "goodness" has experienced generations of iterations and enhancements. Steven Pinker pointed out that no matter what time scale or statistical method is used, even if suicide rates and war casualties are taken into account, the phenomenon of violence in human history is greatly reduced.
understands from this perspective that human beings have benefited a lot from death. Death and rebirth alternate, and people will always receive full kind gifts from their fathers who are going to die at the beginning of their weakness. After inheriting these kindnesses, people develop their own "goodness" as they grow up. If there is no death, life as an eternal state, reproduction of offspring is no longer necessary, life will no longer go through the weakest stage, and naturally will no longer experience intergenerational reincarnation, "heaven" and "reincarnation" The construction and development of "" and other obstacles no longer have a heavy weight. "Goodness" will not be passed on, iterated and evolve from generation to generation. The construction and exploration of moral ontology and even the evolution of human civilization have It may slow down or even cease to exist. There is no life if there is no death. Death is the ultimate form of fear, and its deeper connection with "good" lies in this.
Reincarnation practice provides a new explanation for the origin of "good", which is different from the viewpoint of "experience becomes a priori" or acquired inheritance, that is, "good" is not a priori, nor will it be transformed into a priori It will not evolve into human genes and pass it on to offspring through genes, even though it does seem to be born with it. The same is true of people's consciousness. The so-called "dragon begets dragon and phoenix begets phoenix" highlights the effects of ears and eyes or growth environment, not genes. The practice of reincarnation in the most fragile period of life brings the goodness that is born to people, and plants the "root of goodness" or "compassion" for the cognitive subject. For example, young children are willing to share their toys with their partners, and children who have just learned to speak will give comfort to their depressed mothers. These are all manifestations of the "goodness" that children have suffered from reincarnation in the early stages of life. The "wolf boy" who grew up far away from human society received much less kindness, and the process of learning to express human kindness and integrating into society takes longer.
emphasizes the practice of reincarnation. It does not mean that people’s experience after the age of 5 is no longer important. The acquired education, the pressure of public opinion, and the changes in society will all contribute to the “goodness” already in the self-consciousness to some extent. Pressure. "Similar sex, far away from habits" actually also implies that human character will continue to diverge through different experiences and influences, and it is easy to shift toward the direction of "evil". Mr. Li Zehou’s so-called “enlighten the truth with the United States” and “store the good with the United States” means that the potential and human nature of an individual is not only caused by the body’s physiology, but also due to the penetration and accumulation of social, educational, traditional and cultural factors. Differentiation. The subtle differences in the physiological structure of
lead to individual differences in the animality of human beings; and in the historical accumulation of different acquired environments, education, and culture, the individual differences of "different human minds, each as its own face" has developed greatly. The asymmetry revealed by Kahneman’s prospect theory, on the surface, shows that people usually consider issues not from the perspective of wealth, but from the perspective of winning or losing, and they are concerned about the amount of gains and losses, but we think it essentially reflects Is the supposed "good"Jing is a kind of cognitive "gene" deeply embedded in the human brain. Someone once went to prison for interviews and research and found that if you ask these prisoners what they think of themselves morally, most people still think that their moral quality is higher than that of ordinary people they understand. All this shows that the cognitive subject has already taken for granted that the world, including itself, should be "good" rather than "evil" after undergoing "reincarnation".
Parents provide the conditions for the growth of offspring. Babies can perceive the goodwill from the external environment and their caregivers. After inheriting these goodwill, people develop their own "goodness" or "goodness" as they grow up. The kindness received includes air and food that are not poisonous, the care and love given by the caregiver, and the knowledge and information input by the educator. Then with the gradual increase of one's own experience, the interaction with the outside world has been strengthened, and the understanding of self and the outside world has become more and more, and the field of own knowledge has become more abundant, the content that can be understood increases and the degree of understanding increases . Man’s understanding, description, and transformation of the world have actually been developing and increasing. We believe in benevolence. This kind of “goodness” is not only for individuals, but also for the entire human race.
Reincarnation practice points out the influence of cognition during the growth process of children and human beings. This cognition is the result of continuous choices made for good for thousands of years, and it is the inheritance of human culture. If you ignore the effect of reincarnation and use rules to calculate the possibility of a person becoming better or worse, you are likely to make a wrong judgment. The path of goodness often requires self-denial. Children who are ignorant may choose a more relaxed path, but well-educated adults will make more well-intentioned choices from a macro perspective. This kind of good choice will be manifested to different degrees in different individuals and different environments. Not only is it impossible to calculate a definite result, there is no set of written standards to judge whether it is good or bad. This is a manifestation of human values and a blind spot for strong calculationism.
4 The incalculable encounter
The "good" of the benevolence doctrine is the embodiment of the human value, and the "favor" represents a certain degree of incalculability, or the encounter between the cognitive subject and the environment is a kind of "good" By chance.
From the perspective of Hinton's view of human beings as machines, the structure of living organisms, organs, DNA, etc. can all be regarded as the "hardware" components of the machine, and these hardware have gone through a long period of evolution and finally formed their current form. The hardware determines the physical structure, and the function is determined by the software. Unlike programming in reality, there is no "programmer" who writes software and guides the behavior of a living body. The "software" of the living body starts from the physical boundary and is based on the "hardware", through external stimuli and subjective intentions, acquired or epiphany abilities, such as human language, music, programming ability, and the flying of chickens Ability and so on. This part of "software" is closely related to the consciousness of the living body. The difference between different individuals can be very large, which is the embodiment of individual free will. Human beings, as the most intelligent kind of life, can play the role of free will to the extreme. The function of
subjectivity is that once life appears, there will be "impulsion". Of course, life forms have the ability to act in concert, but the impulses of life forms also have an impact on the universe, which is non-local and affects the whole. How did the impulse come from? We think it may not be nested itself or the program can be defined in advance, but the content that the agent is excited and emerges suddenly in the specific scene. It can be said that the impulse comes from external stimuli, but even given the same external world, the content of different agents will not be the same, so the impulse is generated by the agent and the outside world as a whole. In the relationship with the outside world, the agent takes a more active position. Even if the outside world does not change or is completely mastered by the agent, the agent can generate new content. Therefore, the model that simulates the agent needs to be sufficiently complex. At the beginning of the Big Bang, the content contained should be very limited (for example, Hawking believes that there are only two bits of information). As time goes by, the content gradually expands and the content gradually becomes rich. This is exactly how subjectivity is in countless specific scenarios As a result of the action, it is precisely with the various contributions made by the subject outside the laws of physics that the present rich and diverse world has been produced. The "fate" in
good relationship doctrine can be understood as "fate", which embodies the nature of the accidental and incomplete simulation of the encounter between the living body and the external environment. Because of the intelligent equipmentThere is initiative and subjective will, and under the influence of cultural heritage, this will tends to be good, so the agent tends to lead things in a good and advantageous direction, rather than just settle for a certain random Situations that meet the laws of physics appear.
Getting to know a partner and a friend is a kind of encounter of good relationship. Obtaining creative inspiration is a good encounter, such as Cui Hao and the Yellow Crane Tower, Wang Bo and Tengwang Pavilion, Su Shi and Chibi... the accidental encounter between them eventually formed an art classic. It is also a good-favored encounter to be able to give full play to their own potential under the right circumstances, such as Huo Qubing and the Huns, Alexander and the Mediterranean... They are not only capable and ambitious, but also at the right time to create miracles in history. Not only individuals, but also, for example, metrical poems and the Tang Dynasty, Ci Ling and Song Dynasty, Sanqu and Zaju and Yuan Dynasty... The explosion of these literary works is closely related to the specific external environment at that time. These encounters and the benign results produced by these encounters are not inherited from causal relationships, nor are they completely cultivated and formed by the acquired environment, but are the result of the action of free will when the agent encounters a specific external environment. Therefore, on the one hand, we should cherish the current external environment, and on the other hand, we should also look for more scenes and exert a stronger initiative to promote opportunities for good relationships.
For the general public, karmicism is neither absolute freedom (do not overstep the rules), nor "live in chains all the time", but somewhere in between. The external environment has certain restrictions, but The agent still has a strong subjectivity that can be exerted, and it needs to interact with the specific external environment in order to have a good encounter, open up or expand the trapped world. From a macro point of view, conjugalism is different from the determinism that everything is doomed, and it does not agree with the Buddhist idea that everything is completely accidental. And this kind of inclination of indeterminacy of good relationshipism is also an existence that strong calculationism cannot cover.
5 The dominance of the perfection
Friendship doctrine shows that even if there are many accidental situations that may happen, human beings still have a tendency to "good" and the pursuit of "the perfect good." Human wisdom allows us to always seek advantages and avoid disadvantages. From this perspective, when we make decisions, there seems to be a set of general logic. However, human beings still have beliefs and pursuits, and their expectations for the future can always provide sufficient power of belief for current decisions. This allows us to make many decisions that seem unfavorable in the short term. In our view, this is the impact of the perfection. This kind of perfection shows differences with the difference of individuals. It is also an incalculable existence in human wisdom.
The need for self-affirmation makes everyone's self-awareness expandable, that is, what you want is always higher than what you should get. This was not obvious in the early stages of human society, because the material life at that time was not rich enough, the living conditions had not been greatly improved, and people still lived in groups and tribal lives. However, with the occurrence of the agricultural revolution, agricultural civilization in areas with superior geographical conditions gradually developed, especially the rapid development of agricultural civilization represented by the axial region, people's material life gradually became richer, and private ownership gradually occupied a dominant position. At this time, people's self-affirmation needs are becoming more and more obvious, the struggles surrounding land, property, and rights have intensified, and the evil elements in human nature have become more complicated. Previous studies on the Axial Era often overlooked that humans in the previous period of the Axial Era had been able to improve their living conditions and prolong their lifespan through advances in agricultural technology, and ignored the continuous enrichment of material life and the complication of social life. The emergence of evil.
has reached the Axis Age, and a group of spiritual leaders have stepped forward in the turbulent world and reconstructed the moral system for their region and society. They may establish religions and use the obstacles related to retribution theory such as "Christ's Coming", "Judgment Day", and "Six Paths of Reincarnation" to impose moral constraints on people's lives; or put forward "Nirvana" and other life-related obstacles. The ultimate realm is to guide people’s lives; although the compassion that Chinese Confucianism insists on is also a priori, the deep and unique point of Confucianism is the pursuit of a transcendence of the world, and directly proposes such as the "three immortals" "Sages" and other creeds or moral goals guide Chinese traditional intellectuals to respect and practice. Mr. Mou Zongsan advocates "moral ontology" and essentially explains that "cosmic entity" is "ethical entity". In our opinion, the reason why these methods can push people to further "good" is the reasonSimilar to the impact of vision on the financial bubble, the perfection of the future as a goal has successfully achieved the control of the present. We attribute this type of approach to using the perfection of the future to control the present, referred to as the perfect control. Although
is a value advocacy at the due level, it is different from the naturalistic and contemporary "goodness" proposed by Chinese philosophy. Western religious traditions and Buddhism are all concepts of the other side. The pursuit of "essence and truth" in the European philosophical tradition has been in harmony with Christianity for thousands of years. The core of its thinking has been the same as the religion's promotion of "heaven and the best", and both have successfully transformed "transcendence" into human beings. This combination of meaning and belief in real life reached its culmination in Hegel's "absolute concept". It is precisely seeing this reality that Nietzsche strongly criticized the theory of karma, and completely negated and subverted the nihilistic tradition of European philosophy. In Nietzsche's view, the so-called "crime and punishment", "salvation and reconciliation" are all "lie", and Europeans living in this nihilistic tradition are willing to endure the misfortune of reality and firmly believe in the "savior" The coming of heaven and the fairness and goodness of heaven. Nietzsche proposed "eternal reincarnation". Everything in the world is always incomplete and cannot form a whole. In such "eternity", there is only "reincarnation of life and death" that humans cannot surpass. There is no "justice" nor " "Reconciliation", let alone Kant's so-called "transcendence." On this basis, Nietzsche proposed that the will to power is the essence of man, and elaborated his superman philosophy , which is used to answer how man re-establishes the meaning of life in an era when traditional values are completely collapsed, and he regards superman as the human world. The highest value goals and moral ideals. All these can be found in the scenes of Western contemporary art, especially film and television works, where human beings rely on superman and power to break through when facing the end. The core of the will to power is still a kind of supreme good dominance, and although the "superman" as a moral goal is somewhat similar to the Chinese "sage", the "superman" legislates for mankind, is the embodiment of truth and morality, and actually replaces it. It is the position of "God" in the Western tradition. After all, it is still on the other side of "good" and lacks the foundation of naturalism.
Since the Axial Age, mankind has actually achieved that even if there is no ready and visible “good” or “good” ahead, it will pursue and practice in this direction because of faith. This world is not completely "good" at the beginning, but because we have more expectations for good relationships, we continue to be good. This kind of real-level pursuit constantly creates new obstacles and drives people's actual actions. , Making people and the world better. This also reflects the corresponding meaning of the trap world and the physical world: the traps in the trap world about the future will affect the traps about the present, and the causal chain of the physical world (external environment) is from the past to the present. Instead of never coming now.
People tend to pay more attention to the influence of these ideas on later generations after their birth, but if we examine the historical background of the prosperity of these "supreme good", we will find that these related "supreme good" are often necessary for the debilitating society and civilization at that time. . A weak society often brings about regime change. The most frequent period of regime change in Chinese history is the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At that time, the literati and the inexperienced were not met, and the world was drifting away. Confucianism was greatly challenged and reflected, and the Buddhist and Taoist schools began to rise. This era gave birth to the freedom and detachment of the seven sages of the bamboo forest, who "teach the more famously and let nature", and Wang Youjun's feelings of "shortening and changing, and ending at the end". "Ten temples, how many buildings are in the mist and rain" is a true portrayal of the people seeking relief from the Buddhist school. After that, it was the enlightened Tang Dynasty that flourished with Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism.
Including Nietzsche, the modern German philosophy has been surrounded by the subversion of "nothingness" and "death", and once presented a flourishing situation. Since Hegel, whether it is Marx’s vision of the proletariat and the conception of communism; or Kierkegaard’s exposition of despair and existentialism; or Nietzsche’s deconstruction of morality and the proposal of superman philosophy; Husserl and returned to Hegel and Plato, and proposed phenomenology, all bearing the deep imprint of Germany in a period of change and even survival. The great changes brought to German society by the First World War and the Second World War pushed Heidegger and to rethink philosophy and the meaning of existence. These ideological advancements are all produced in a changing society, and once these thoughts are produced, they will have an impact on future generations.For example, Marx’s communism constituted the theoretical source of socialist countries, while Nietzsche’s superman philosophy constituted one of the sources of Nazi thought.
We mentioned that starting again after the collapse is one of the ways to meet the self-affirmation needs of society. Take China as an example. After Qin Shihuang unified China, it would go through a dynasty change no more than 400 years long. Every time there is a change of dynasty, everything will be abolished, rules and systems will be rebuilt, resources will be redistributed and occupied, and assets will be priced at a low level again. The supreme ruler allowed members of society to chase assets by delegating powers and gains, so that asset prices would gradually rise, and a small amount of effort would be able to obtain greater returns. The total self-affirmation needs of the whole society were easier to meet. This is the flourishing age in Chinese history. A concentrated expression of the process. The transfer of wealth centers in the West in the past five hundred years has the same mechanism as the change of dynasties in Chinese history. The essence of its collapse is that the old wealth distribution structure cannot well meet the self-affirmation needs of the whole society, and it is only a new start for people Hope. The same is true for the advancement of civilization. The construction of “good” will indeed fluctuate or even regress due to the turbulence of the times. However, history has proved that such stagnation is only temporary. When it reaches a certain extreme, it will inevitably recover and even flourish. , And along with the progress of society and civilization, it has stepped onto a new level. The Axial Age is the most typical proof. Therefore, the perfection of perfection has shown a spiral upward form.
Supreme Goodness Control is the condensation of human wisdom, and it is also the embodiment of good relationship doctrine at the macro level. It not only shows that there is no single clear measurement standard for human behavior and thinking consciousness, and cannot be replaced by calculation, but also reflects the value of humanism. If human beings abandon humanistic values and leave everything to machine calculations for the sake of simplicity and efficiency, it is abandoning human subjective initiative and solidifying human thinking into a certain established pattern, so that culture loses the space and generation for further development. The vitality of inheritance. In this process, if the defined machine values are inconsistent with the values generally recognized by mankind, a more serious crisis will occur.
6 Summary
strong calculationism advocates that everything can be calculated, so it is difficult for subjective initiative to give play to. We have sorted out the break between the saddle point and the macro and micro in the physical world, which is to prove that the cognitive subject can have many scenarios to exert its subjective initiative. Fracture phenomena in the physical world are very common. Different things and objects are relatively independent and are not related by strong causal relationships. Therefore, strong calculationism does not hold. The encounter between the active agent and the external world determines the opening of the cognitive trap, and in the process affirms the self, enriches the self, and expands the boundary between self and intelligence. Different agents can learn from each other, evolve together, and give meaning to the world.
Human beings as a whole are "good", which is in line with the traditional view, and even a deeper "good". Cognitive depression is not only a reflection of the subject to the outside world, but also our direction of guiding the world with purpose. When we really cannot find a reason, we still believe that there is a "good" waiting for us to realize in the future. This is actually using the best goodness of the future to control the present, providing a brand new philosophical picture from the perspective of naturalism. Self-consciousness has expectations. People actually have expectations for life and the future, but strengths and weaknesses are different.
"I" is the starting point of intelligence, but there is no end to the development of intelligence. Human intelligence is still in the process of development. Therefore, making machines form a strong sense of "I" is the key to the development of artificial intelligence, rather than seeking an exact universal Artificial intelligence paradigm. At present, the combing and research of intelligent models is basically a simulation of intelligence under normal conditions. These models cannot simulate the intelligence of a special state. For example, it is unpredictable to reveal that new cognitive traps are unpredictable. The conjugation doctrine we propose also fits the unsimulated characteristic of the agent "meeting" with the external environment.
In the era of artificial intelligence, the humanities have a very important mission. Not only need to guide humans, but also need to guide machines, so that humans and machines work together, so that machines can also promote the development of the world in accordance with human values and value systems. In the new era, humanities cannot be replaced with important values.
