In this article, , a special Chinese Communist Party member, said that he is special because of two characteristics:
's first special feature is that he is a master of literature and has an extremely important role in the Chinese literary and even cultural circles. status. The second peculiarity of
is that his participation in the revolutionary cause of the Chinese Communist Party can be traced back to the beginning of the party's founding in 1921. The special character
is Mao Dun .
Mao Dun's original name was Shen Dehong , also known as Shen Yanbing .
's life can be divided into three parts: the first part of
is to participate in the revolutionary cause in the early days.
was born on July 4, 1896, in a scholarly home in Wuzhen, Tongxiang, Zhejiang.
His father's name is Shen Yongxi, a local scholar, but he is open-minded and full of enthusiasm for learning new things, especially for natural sciences. For this reason, he has specially taught himself advanced algebra and calculus.
His mother, Chen Aizhu, was born in a family of famous doctors.
grew up in such an enlightened family atmosphere, and Shen Yanbing has been educated by excellent literature since childhood.
In 1913, Shen Yanbing was admitted to the Preparatory Department of Peking University with excellent grades. After Shen Yanbing graduated in August 1916, he worked at Shanghai Commercial Press . The work of this period will have a certain role in promoting Shen Yanbing's literary creation in the future.
However, it was after the May 4th Movement in 1919 that Shen Yanbing really came into contact with Marxist thought. Moreover, after the May Fourth Movement, Shen Yanbing also met Chen Duxiu, the revolutionary leader at that time.
At the beginning of 1920, due to the pursuit and persecution of Chen Duxiu by the warlords, in order to continue his revolutionary work, Chen Duxiu was forced to secretly leave Beijing and come to Shanghai.
When Chen Duxiu left Beijing, he had already discussed and planned with Li Dazhao, another revolutionary leader, on the development of China's communist cause.
Therefore, as soon as he arrived in Shanghai, Chen Duxiu actively participated in the establishment of the revolutionary cause. In order to understand the situation in Shanghai, Chen Duxiu not only conducted surveys among the workers, but also met some young intellectuals in his apartment, including Chen Wangdao, Li Da, and Shen Yanbing mentioned in this article.
Shen Yanbing not only actively agreed with Chen Duxiu's idea of publishing " New Youth " magazine in Shanghai, but also actively wrote for "New Youth" magazine, and participated in the editing and translation work.
Chen Duxiu's revolutionary work in Shanghai was carried out very quickly. In May of the same year, he established the Marxist Research Association, which was the basis for the early organization of the Shanghai Communist Party. By August, revolutionaries with Chen Duxiu, Li Hanjun, Li Da and others as the core established the early organization of the Shanghai Communist Party, with Chen Duxiu as the secretary. It was at this time that
was recommended and introduced by Li Hanjun, the No. 2 figure in the organization, and Shen Yanbing also joined the early organization of the Shanghai Communist Party. From then on, Shen Yanbing started his revolutionary career. They often held meetings at Chen Duxiu's house. During this period, Shen Yanbing did a lot of work that was beneficial to the revolution. There were three main ones: one was before the meeting in Nanhu, Jiaxing, because the party organization at that time had no party constitution. Therefore, Chen Duxiu asked Shen Yanbing to translate the party constitution of the Russian Communist Party in the International Newsletter, and temporarily use it as a reference party constitution for the first party congress.
The second is that the Shanghai party organization founded a revolutionary theoretical publication called "The Communist Party". Shen Yanbing strongly supported the work of the journal, such as editing, writing, and translating. For example, he wrote an influential article for the journal called "Autonomy Movement and Social Revolution".
The third is that the Shanghai party organization founded an organization called the Foreign Languages Society in order to send aspiring young people to study in Russia and to protect the Chinese Communist Party members from being able to carry out their activities safely in the country. Shen Yanbing has also done a lot of work for the society. From
to July 23, 1921, it was an important moment of historical significance. After the first National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held, the members of the early Communist Party organizations in Shanghai became official members of the Communist Party of China. Shen Yanbing, also became a Chinese literary circle, or Chinese literatureThe first member of the Communist Party of China. With the establishment of the party organization,
's activities have become more and more frequent, but the political situation has also become tense. Especially in the winter of 1921, after Chen Duxiu's residence was raided, the contact point of the party organization became a problem. So what to do?
At that time, Shen Yanbing was the editor of " Novel Monthly ", with a fixed work location and good occupational protection. Therefore, in the following period, the Party Central Committee decided to use Shen Yanbing's work location as a cover to carry out communication and work. Shen Yanbing also became the central liaison officer, and the party's working relationship was subordinate to the central staff branch.
is about the history of this period. Later, Shen Yanbing wrote in his memoirs, which are recorded here for reference:
"Because I edited the "Fiction Monthly" in the Commercial Press was a good cover, it was I was assigned to be the liaison officer directly under the Central Committee. For the time being, I was incorporated into a branch of the central staff. All letters from other places (Party organizations or Party members) to the Central Committee were sent to me, with my name on the outer cover and the other on the inner cover. 'Zhongying' (homonym of 'Central'). I will collect them and send them to the Central every day."
Since then, the Party Central Committee has established two schools, one for commoners and one for Shanghai University. Among them, Shanghai University is a comprehensive school, while the Civilian Girls' School is mainly a school for cultivating the backbone of the party's women's movement. Shen Yanbing is a teacher in two schools, an English teacher at the Common People's Girls' School, and a literature teacher at Shanghai University, mainly teaching novels.
In 1923, the Third Third Party Congress was held in Guangzhou. After the Third Third Party Congress, Shen Yanbing was appointed as a member of the National Movement Committee. Soon after, because of Shao Lizi's repeated invitations, Shen Yanbing resigned from his job in Shanghai, especially the leadership position of the Shanghai local and district executive committee. Shen Yanbing took a new job (the editor-in-chief of the " Republic of China Daily " daily "Social Portrait") and was in charge of the editorial work. At the same time, she actively participated in the revolutionary work, especially participated in and led the workers' strike.
In 1925, during the May 30th Movement , Shen Yanbing participated in the three major strikes in Shanghai, that is, Shanghai workers, businessmen and students went on strike. However, the May 30 massacre was brutally suppressed, and dozens of Chinese students were injured and killed by the British arresting leader, which caused the anger of the whole Chinese people.
On June 3, Shen Yanbing was not afraid of the enemy. In the "Axiom Daily" edited by him, he gave a careful and profound report to the whole society on the infuriating truth of the May 30 massacre, as well as the specific situation of all walks of life in Shanghai participating in the movement.
Not only that, Shen Yanbing then joined more than 30 people including Communist Party member Dong Yixiang to initiate the establishment of an organization called "Shanghai Faculty and Staff Comrade Association" to actively carry out anti-imperialist work. From
to August, under the arrangement and instructions of the party organization, in order to actively respond to the general strike movement, Shen Yanbing joined more than 10 people to form a temporary party group of the Communist Party of China, leading the workers of the Commercial Press to hold a general strike. On the 22nd of the month, more than 3,000 people were on strike led by Shen Yanbing. At that time, a "Strike Central Committee" was established, and Shen Yanbing was also one of the members. He was also responsible for drafting the "Strike Declaration" and "Conditions for Resumption of Work". After four or five days of hard work, the strike was finally won.
On March 12, 1925, Sun Yat-sen died.
The death of Sun Yat-sen has a great impact on the fate of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.
After Sun Yat-sen's death, the differences between the two parties continued to widen. In particular, the rampant right-wing forces of the Kuomintang forced the Communist Party to make adjustments and countermeasures. At that time, Shen Yanbing, under the instruction of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, participated in the formation of the Shanghai Special City Party Office of the Kuomintang with bipartisan cooperation, and Shen served as the Minister of the Propaganda Department.
Soon in 1926, the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang was held, and Shen Yanbing also attended the meeting. After the
meeting, Shen Yanbing was left in Guangzhou due to work arrangements.
This time, his job is quite special, it is to be a secretary for Mao Zedong.
But soon after the Zhongshan ship incident broke out, the Party Central Committee arranged for Shen Yanbing to return to Shanghai as a member of the Shanghai District Committee, mainly responsible for the work of the Kuomintang. But the situation at that time changed too fast. Soon the revolutionary army recaptured Wuhan, and Shen Yanbing was arranged to be the political instructor of Huangpu Military Academy Wuhan Branch. The second part of
is to participate in the revolutionary cause in the low valley, as well as literary creation.
192April 12, 2007 was an unforgettable day.
The narrow-minded Chiang Kai-shek disregarded the overall situation and created the April 12 counter-revolutionary massacre that shocked China and foreign countries.
This incident caused the revolutionary forces to be severely damaged, and the revolution also went from victory to defeat.
Countless revolutionaries died, were injured, or lost contact with the party.
In August 1927, under the arrangement of the party organization, Shen Yanbing finally returned to Shanghai, but lost contact with the party organization.
During this period, Shen Yanbing was hibernating on the third floor of No. 11 and a half, Jingyunli, Shanghai.
In the incomparable depression after the failure of the Great Revolution, he picked up the pen and started the creation of one of his novels, which is "Disillusionment".
So far, his life has entered another stage, that is, a new journey of literary creation. After
wrote "Disillusionment", when it was published, because his identity was too sensitive, many places were afraid to accept his manuscript, which made his manuscript unpublished. In desperation, he used the pseudonym "Mao Dun" for the first time.
Because of the unstable situation, security is a problem. In July 1928, Shen Yanbing, under the pseudonym Fang Baozong, went east to the sea and went into exile in Japan.
is also from then on, Shen Yanbing lost contact with the Chinese Communist Party.
While in exile in Japan, Shen Yanbing wrote a fragmentary novel "Rainbow", as well as many essays. The third part of
is after the founding of the People's Republic of China and his last words. More than a year later, in April 1930, Shen Yanbing left Japan and returned to Shanghai.
In Shanghai, Shen Yanbing started work on " Left Alliance ".
and in, not long after, probably the year 1931 and 1932, he wrote a full-length book, Midnight. This novel established Shen Yanbing's position in the history of modern Chinese literature.
But Shen Yanbing's subsequent life was not only literary creation, but also continued to actively participate in revolutionary work. For example, after the outbreak of the full-scale Anti-Japanese War, Shen Yanbing went to Guangzhou to edit "Literature and Art Front", and then went to Hong Kong to edit "Li Bao·Yanlin".
But in Hong Kong, Shen Yanbing has become the target of the enemy, and personal safety is always in danger. Later, in order to rescue these social progressives, the Dongjiang guerrillas united with the Hong Kong and Kowloon underground parties. With the joint efforts of both parties, they rescued progressives such as Shen Yanbing and Zou Taofen from Hong Kong. Later, they went through hardships, especially during the eight-year Anti-Japanese War. During the period, it can be said that they have experienced ups and downs in life, but they have always fought tenaciously as revolutionary fighters. During this period, Shen Yanbing wrote important works such as "The Frost Leaves Red Like February Flowers" to sing praises to the people's struggle against Japan.
In July 1949, the first national literary congress was held in Beijing, and Shen Yanbing was elected as the chairman of the National Writers Association. After the founding of New China, Shen Yanbing was appointed by the organization as the first Minister of Culture of New China, and also served as the first editor-in-chief of " Translation " and " People's Literature ".
In the early days of the construction of New China, Shen Yanbing made important contributions to the literary prosperity of New China. However, at this time, Shen Yanbing's party membership has not been restored.
On March 14, 1981, Shen Yanbing was seriously ill and wrote a sincere letter to the Central Committee, expressing his wish to restore the party membership of the Communist Party.
In fact, Shen Yanbing at that time was already unable to write the letter due to serious illness, so the letter was dictated by him, recorded by his son Wei Tao, and finally signed by Shen Yanbing with his own name at the end of the letter: Shen Yanbing (Mao Dun). After
signed the signature, Shen Yanbing said with difficulty:
"I am dead, and I don't know anything anyway. It will be the honor of my life if I am ratified at that time."
Shen Yanbing left two suicide notes before his death. His last wish - to the Party Central Committee after his death.
On March 27, 1981, 85-year-old Shen Yanbing finished his life.
As he wished, his suicide note was handed over to the Party Central Committee. On March 31, 1981, 5 days after
's death, the Party Central Committee quickly made a decision:
"restores Shen Yanbing's membership of the Communist Party of China, and the party age starts from 1921."
Therefore, on April 10, for the Shen YanWhen Bing held a farewell ceremony, his body was covered with a bright Chinese Communist Party flag.
Shen Yanbing has far-reaching significance to Chinese modern literature , especially according to his last wish, with his donation of 250,000 RMB, the Mao Dun Literature Award is still inspiring countless Chinese literary creators.
