Looking forward to 2023, "recession" is an unavoidable topic in the global semiconductor industry, but what is uncertain is the depth, breadth and length of this round of industry downturn. Under this general environment, international electronics business analyst team focuses on hot topics such as Matter 1.0 standard, energy storage demand, solid-state battery, automotive chip, automotive industry ecology, display industry, rehabilitation medical, storage market, ChIPlet and semiconductors, etc. field, conducted trend analysis and market outlook.
1, Matter 1.0 standard ushers in a new era of smart IoT
In December 2019, the smart home open source standard Matter was first jointly initiated by Amazon, Apple, Google, Samsung SmartThings and ZigBee Alliance . The project aims to develop and promote a new connection protocol free of patent fees, and integrate different components such as Zigbee, Thread, , Bluetooth, , and Wi-Fi into an overall standard, so as to simplify the development cost of smart home equipment manufacturers and improve product quality. Compatibility between.
Matter is an industry standard in the field of smart home, and its ultimate goal is to realize the "unification" of global smart home industry standards.
In May 2021, the Matter standard was officially launched by the CSA (Connectivity Standards Alliance), with 170 participants at that time, and more than 220 participants by 2022.
In June 2021, at the Apple WWDC conference, Apple's products and services in smart home have been upgraded, but it is still suspected of "squeezing toothpaste". However, Apple announced that Apple will integrate Matter into Apple's smart home ecosystem in the future Among them, Matter ecological products are supported.
's latest iOS 16.1 has become one of the first systems to support Matter devices.
On October 4, 2022, the CSA Connection Standards Alliance and its members officially released the Matter 1.0 standard. Matt Johnson, CEO of Silicon Labs, the main promoter of the Matter standard in the semiconductor industry chain, said: "By 2025, there will be 27 billion Internet-connected IoT devices in the world, that is to say, about Have 3 to 4 devices.”
Matter, not only for smart home, may also become an IoT standard. The
Matter standard is designed to clear the pipeline for intelligent connections in all scenarios. At the same time, it does not restrict which wireless communication technology manufacturers use. Manufacturers can choose any wireless communication technology according to their own needs, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee.
With the gradual popularization of 5G, the Internet of Everything has become a real possibility. Although Matter was originally born mainly for smart homes, open standards and extensive wireless protocol support may make it a standard for the Internet of Things.
2. The demand for portable energy storage is on the rise, and domestic chips welcome the new track
Thanks to the promotion of the new energy economy, breakthroughs in battery technology, and the rise of outdoor recreational activities such as camping due to the epidemic, the market for large-capacity portable energy storage power supplies is growing rapidly. In the past four years, the global portable energy storage market has grown by 23 times; it is estimated that the global portable energy storage device consumption market will reach US$10 billion in 2023.
From a technical point of view, a portable energy storage power supply is a small energy storage device with a built-in lithium-ion battery, which is quite different from power banks and household energy storage. Compared with common charging treasures, portable energy storage products have a larger charging capacity and output power (100kW-3,000kW), and more interfaces (including USB, AC, DC, Type-C, PD, etc.), which can be used simultaneously It can output DC and AC, and can also be equipped with solar panels for reverse charging outdoors. It can supply power for mobile phones, computers, refrigerators, rice cookers and other digital devices and small appliances. Compared with household energy storage with a power of 1kW-10kW, portable energy storage is smaller in size, plug-and-play, convenient to use, lower in technical threshold, lower in cost, and more consumption-oriented.
Judging from the sales distribution, the United StatesPortable energy storage products in China and Japan account for more than 75% of the global market, while China is the main producer of portable energy storage, and its product shipments account for more than 90% of global shipments. As a result, Chinese companies have become beneficiaries of this wave of market boom. In terms of
terminal brands, three local manufacturers, Huabao Xinneng, Zhenghao Technology and Delan Minghai, have successfully ranked among the top four in the Chinese mainland market; veteran manufacturers of battery power such as Bull, Tiger Head, etc., and leading brands in the digital 3C field such as An Ke Innovation, Baseus Technology and Romas Technology, etc. are also launching outdoor power supply products together. In addition, Internet of Things companies are also "cross-border spoilers", such as Huawei , Uniview Technology, Xiaomi , Tuya Smart , etc. have also released new products, which have attracted great attention from the consumer market. At the
chip design level, portable energy storage is mainly developed around the two major demands of safety and reliability and system modularization. In 2022, manufacturers such as National Technology, , and Chipsea Technology in the field of MCUs will launch MCU main control modules for outdoor power supplies; Nanxin, Silijie, Jiehuat, Zhirong, Baoliwei, and in the field of power supplies Lanwei , Yingjixin, VIP, Silicon Power and other manufacturers have launched chip solutions, providing a variety of options for outdoor power supply manufacturers to develop USB PD fast charging products. International Electronics Market expects that in 2023, more domestic chip manufacturers will pay attention to and deploy this application, so as to start with outdoor mobile energy storage with a lower threshold, and then expand to comprehensive energy storage applications.
3, solid-state batteries may usher in the first year of explosion
According to the development plan of power battery in "Made in China 2025": in 2020, the battery energy density will reach 300Wh/kg; in 2025, the battery energy density will reach 400Wh/kg; in 2030 , The battery energy density reaches 500Wh/kg.
In fact, in September 2022, the output of pure electric passenger vehicles in China with a system density of 140 (inclusive)-160Wh/kg and models above 160Wh/kg accounted for 38.5% and 23.4% respectively, and the output of models below 125Wh/kg accounted for 38.5% and 23.4% respectively. than 13.6%.
Obviously, relying on the existing power battery system, it is difficult for the energy density of the battery to meet the requirements of the relevant national regulations. The analysis of the international electronic business situation pointed out that if the solid-state battery can take advantage of and strengthen some of the advantages of safety, strive to occupy the advantage of energy density, and further optimize the rate, cycle life and processability, it will become a key technical route to replace the existing lithium battery.
In January 2022, Dongfeng-Ganfeng high-energy solid-state battery (actually semi-solid) E70 demonstration operation vehicle completed batch delivery. Since then, Chinese car companies such as SAIC Zhiji, GAC Aian, and Gaohe have actively cooperated and established joint ventures with solid-state battery manufacturers to jointly promote the process of putting solid-state batteries on vehicles.
is not only a complete vehicle manufacturer, but with the rising popularity of the solid-state battery industry, China's mainstream power battery suppliers are also actively deploying. For example, in April 2021, Honeycomb Energy signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province, and will invest in the construction of a production and R&D base for power battery cells and PACK, with a planned annual production capacity of 28GWh. In August 2022, the company's all-solid-state battery laboratory developed the first batch of 20Ah sulfur-based all-solid-state prototype batteries in China.
In May 2022, Feng Li New Energy, a subsidiary of Ganfeng Lithium Industry, publicly stated that its planned 2 GWh first-generation solid-state battery capacity is expected to be gradually released this year. In July, it officially announced that Chongqing Lithium Battery Industrial Park officially started construction, planning to build a solid-state battery production capacity of 10GWh. In August 2022, Guoxuan High-Tech stated that the high-safety semi-solid battery has a single energy density of 360Wh/kg, and the battery pack power of the supporting model can reach 160kWh, and the cruising range exceeds 1,000km. The semi-solid battery is expected to be installed by the end of this year. , delivered in batches in 2023. In addition, Ningde Times, the leader in power batteries, publicly stated in October 2022 that it is currently promoting the deployment of all-solid-state and other battery technologies.
In terms of solid-state battery materials, on April 26, 2022, Rongbai Technology, a leader in high-nickel cathode materials, announced that it will carry out in-depth cooperation with Weilan New Energy in the fields of full and semi-solid batteries and materials. In July, anode material supplier Shanshan Co., Ltd. said that it will start research and development from all-solid-state batteries lithium cobalt oxide cathode materials, and gradually develop all-solid-state batteries.Comprehensive layout of battery materials; at the same time, it also focuses on the research and development of semi-solid and all-solid battery electrolytes.
With the maturity of solid-state battery technology and the continuous drop in cost, as well as the gradual release of the production capacity invested in the early stage, solid-state batteries will usher in larger-scale commercial use in 2023. According to market forecasts, the global demand for solid-state lithium batteries will reach 44.2GWh and 494.9GWh in 2025 and 2030, respectively. By 2030, the market scale and output value will climb to more than 150 billion yuan.
4, The global car-spec chips have entered a stage of structural shortage
Looking back at the global semiconductor shortage, initially in the second half of 2020, there was news of a shortage of 8-inch wafer production capacity in the industry, and then in 2021, the shortage of semiconductor chips swept the global market. Although some wafer factories have been remodeled/expanded since 2021, and some 8-inch wafer production lines have even been newly built, but these production lines are mainly used to produce mature process products, such as automotive chips and power chips.
Although the production capacity of automotive chips has been extremely scarce in recent years, and the mainstream view in the industry is that there will still be a structural shortage of automotive chips by 2023. However, 8-inch wafers are not advanced production lines after all. Before that, global fabs were gradually phasing out 8-inch wafer production lines. Therefore, even though the production capacity of automotive chips has been very scarce in the past two years, the expansion of the fab's 8-inch wafer production line is somewhat cautious.
International Electronic Business Statistics: The number of 8-inch wafer factories in the world is known. In 2023, the global 8-inch wafer production capacity will reach 215 (4 more than in 2021), and in 2025 there will be another 3 on the basis of 2023. . In terms of 8-inch wafer production capacity, it is expected that the production capacity in 2025 will increase by 20% compared with 2021.
In addition, there will be overcapacity of consumer electronics chips in 2022. At least in terms of wafer materials, consumer electronics will no longer compete with automotive electronics for semiconductor production capacity as in 2021. At the same time, it takes a certain period of time to transform, expand, and build a new 8-inch production line. The construction cycle is about one and a half to two years (the cycle for transformation and expansion of the production line is shorter), and the production capacity climbing cycle is added. By 2022 At the end of the year, only a small number of production lines were put into mass production. In 2023 and the following years, more new capacity will reach production. In addition, China has gradually relaxed the epidemic prevention policy, and with the transportation of goods, customs clearance, and the work efficiency of enterprises will return to the pre-epidemic level.
Based on the above factors, the international electronics business expects that in the whole year of 2023, the tightness of the production capacity of automotive chips will be further eased. The annual automotive chip production capacity will enter a stage of structural shortage, and this situation may continue for several years.
5. Changes in the leaders of the auto industry ecosystem
Since the birth of the auto industry, OEMs have always been the leaders of the auto industry chain. They maintain a large-scale production and sales model and have absolute voice and bargaining power. core of the ecosystem. However, with the maturity of new energy, autonomous driving and other technologies, and the growth of intelligent demand, new suppliers have begun to emerge, and new supply relationships have also begun to form.
From the perspective of consumers, thanks to the blessing of technologies such as autonomous driving and the Internet of Things, cars will become a new species, from a simple means of transportation to the most important mobile smart space for human life in the future, which needs to be satisfied Personalized consumption and travel services. However, the technologies required for the mobile smart space are diverse, and the industries involved are multi-line. No single company can own all the resources, including vehicle manufacturers.
From the perspective of industrial development, when automobiles enter the era of electrification, intelligence, and networking, they must change from being dominated by hardware in the past to software-led and effectively integrated development of software and hardware. Vehicle manufacturers are of course the representative of hardware level, while software level is the strength of enterprises such as supply chain service providers, omni-channel service providers, and comprehensive service providers.
Therefore, the auto industry has entered a new era of eco-oriented, from the original simple upstream suppliers, intermediate OEMs, and downstream dealers to an energy industry, transportation industry, urban planners and hardware A three-dimensional ecology in which all software service providers and content providers can participate.
Entering 2023, the change of the ecological leader of the auto industry will continue to be staged. The following three types of players may become carsThe new "leader" of the industrial ecosystem.
The first category is smart car solution providers, represented by Huawei. At present, Huawei and car companies have three cooperation methods: one is the pure supplier model, which provides standardized parts and components for car manufacturers; the other is the software system cooperation model (Hi mode), which provides auto driving, smart cockpit and other systems for car manufacturers; the third is In the smart selection mode, Huawei is deeply involved in the overall vehicle design, including vehicle sales. Under these three models, not only domestic leading enterprises participate, but also the world's major auto brands cooperate, which shows that automakers have taken a fancy to Huawei's excellent ICT technology, and more and more automakers will join Huawei's "5G Automobile Ecosphere". The second category is EV car brands. In 2023, as more and more major traditional automobile manufacturers announce plans to stop selling fuel vehicles and switch to electric vehicles, the voice of EV automobile brands will continue to increase. It is expected that EV manufacturers will continue to focus on mileage anxiety in technological innovation next year, and the application of battery swapping will become more mature; the penetration rate of domestic new energy vehicles will continue to rise, and is expected to reach 50%; however, due to rising prices of power battery raw materials and related policy subsidies The downhill will comprehensively lead to an increase in the price of new energy vehicles and .
The third category is cross-border Internet companies, such as Baidu and Xiaomi. "Cross-border car manufacturing" has always attracted the attention of the industry, among which Xiaomi has attracted a lot of attention. It is rumored in the industry that Xiaomi will obtain the qualification to manufacture cars in mid-2023. Cross-border players are coming aggressively, mainly relying on the two advantages of brand efficiency and customer stickiness. Supply chain management and product pricing may determine the future direction.
6. The display industry continues to decline, but it is expected to stop falling
From mid-2020 to mid-2021, the market value of the display industry hits a record high. Affected by factors such as the epidemic, social digital transformation, and supply chain uncertainty, the price of LCD panels has soared at the fastest rate in history. But after entering the autumn of 2021, LCD panels will enter a channel of rapid price decline. The display industry is ahead of the semiconductor industry and has entered a comprehensive and rapid decline period.
In 2022, major FPD panel makers’ revenues will drop by double digits for several quarters—Q3 in 2022 will be the worst quarter ever for LCD panel makers; the gross profit margin of the entire industry will drop by 6% quarter-on-quarter -12%, a drop of 22%-34% compared to Q2 in 2021.
From the perspective of operating profit margin, except for panel makers such as Samsung and that have stopped LCD production, the numbers of other major panel makers are all suffering a sharp decline.
From the perspective of gross profit figures, AU Optronics, Rainbow Optoelectronics, Hehui Optoelectronics , Innolux , Visionox all gave negative values in the third quarter of 2022; BOE and LG Display Although the value in the financial report is positive, the month-on-month decline has exceeded 80%.
At the same time, even though panel makers are currently reducing production utilization rates significantly, the inventory pressure of panels in multiple links is still very high. As of the fourth quarter of 2022, the panel inventory level has increased by nearly US$6 billion compared with 2 years ago, and the inventory days are about 10 days more than a year ago. The problem of low panel prices is still difficult to alleviate in the short term. The performance of
's OLED, which is expected to rescue the market, is not satisfactory. Originally, analysts generally predicted that OLED panels would be widely used in electronic products such as IT equipment (notebooks, tablets, and monitors), automobiles, and AR/VR headsets. In terms of revenue, there is a steady increase; but the actual situation is that the answers given by the OLED market from Q2 to Q3 in 2022 are not optimistic.
The international electronic business situation predicts that Q4 in 2022 will reach the lowest point of this round of downward market in the display industry. In 2023, the CapEx fixed cost investment of panel makers and upstream suppliers will decrease, and the industry will show signs of stopping the decline and stabilizing . Products that are expected to expand shipments on the
application side include AR/VR, cars, smart watches, electronic billboards, and signage. Although the IT equipment market shipments are still on a downward trend, the display area is increasing. However, from the perspective of revenue, it is estimated that the display industry will return to the market level in 2021 in 2025-2026.
7, storageThe market is cold, and advanced technology continues to advance
Comprehensive data on the international electronic business situation shows that the global semiconductor market will reach about US$560 billion in 2023, a shrinking rate of more than 4%. Among them, the biggest decline is the memory chip , which accounts for more than 20%, and will experience a 17% decline.
As inflation rises and terminal market demand weakens, especially the demand for PC and mobile terminal products affected by consumer spending, the growth forecast of the consumer storage market is lowered. In addition, technology giants such as Microsoft and Amazon have reduced their investment in data centers, which will put downward pressure on the commercial storage market. Therefore, starting from the third quarter, major memory chip manufacturers including SK Hynix , Micron Technology , and Kioxia successively announced cuts in capital expenditure or chip production.
Although the consumer storage market will be cold, the market demand for automotive and other application fields is strong. With the sharp increase in sales of new energy vehicles, the amount of storage products required for bicycles will usher in a major increase, especially after the introduction of other intelligent technologies such as ADAS and autonomous driving.
is different from the "unevenness of heat and cold" in various storage markets. In terms of technological progress, major storage manufacturers have been making continuous attempts and breakthroughs. For example, in the field of DRAM, Micron’s fifth-generation 10nm-level DRAM product (1β DRAM) has sent samples to partners for verification. Once the product is mature, it will be launched in mobile phones, computers, servers, automobiles and other markets. According to the plan, Samsung will enter the 1bnm process stage in 2023, that is, the fifth-generation 10nm-level DRAM products. The chip capacity will reach 24Gb (3GB)-32Gb (4GB), and the native speed will be 6.4-7.2Gbps.
In the field of NAND Flash, Micron's world's first 232-layer NAND product has been mass-produced and is being supplied to global PC OEM customers; SK Hynix's 238-layer 512Gb TLC 4D NAND flash memory is expected to be put into mass production in the first half of 2023. Samsung's plans are even more ambitious, claiming to achieve 1,000-layer V-NAND by 2030.
8, Chiplet concepts continue to be popular, but they cannot solve the bottleneck problem
In March 2022, Intel , AMD, Arm, Qualcomm, TSMC, Samsung, ASE, Google Cloud, Meta, Microsoft jointly established the Universal Chiplet Interconnect (UCIe) Alliance , and launched the UCIe 1.0 specification. UCIe is an open chiplet interconnection specification, which defines the interconnection between chiplets in a package to achieve universal interconnection of chiplets at the package level and an open chiplet ecosystem.
Chiplet can divide a large single-chip chip into multiple small chips, and integrate modular chips with different processes or functions by packaging across chips and interconnecting them, so as to finally form a system chip. This can bring three advantages:
- First, improve chip yield. Once a defect occurs on a large-sized die, it will directly lead to the scrapping of a whole large chip. However, if the chip is divided into several small chips, even if one of the small chips fails, the remaining small chips will not be affected.
- Second, reduce the demand for advanced manufacturing processes. The large chip contains multiple modules. The performance pursuit of the computing unit requires the most advanced manufacturing process. The rest of the storage, analog, radio frequency and other modules do not need advanced manufacturing processes. Chiplet can integrate modules of different process nodes together, to a great extent The reduction of waste not only reduces power consumption, but also significantly improves chip performance.
- Third, IP multiplexing. Each chip can be regarded as an IP. Benefiting from interconnection technology, Fabless only needs to purchase the corresponding IP to complete the plug-and-play of semiconductors.
Combining the above features, Chiplet is especially suitable for high-computing chips such as autonomous driving chips and data center server chips. International Electronics Market believes that once Chiplet technology matures, a large number of related chips will appear in the industry. Observe its global market size, the current chiplet market sizeIt is still small, but its market size is growing at a very fast rate. It is expected to reach nearly 6 billion US dollars in 2024, and its scale will exceed 55 billion US dollars in 2035.
Chiplet has also attracted the attention of semiconductor companies in China. In the second half of 2022, the concept of 3D stacking + Chiplet will become popular in China. Companies such as VeriSilicon, Hisilicon , Cambrian, Innosilicon, Alibaba, and Innosilicon are also deploying Chiplets. However, chiplet technology relies on multi-dimensional cooperation between IP manufacturers, chip design manufacturers, manufacturing packaging and testing manufacturers, etc., and also requires simultaneous progress in the protocol and transport layers. It is worth noting that the core computing die part inside the chiplet still needs the support of advanced technology, which also requires local chip manufacturing capabilities to keep up.
9, at the end of 2023, China’s semiconductor industry may see a small-scale rebound
New crown epidemic, Russia-Ukraine conflict, rising inflation, monetary policy tightening...Since 2020, various unfavorable factors have superimposed and triggered a comprehensive recession in the world economy, as a reflection of global As one of the weathervanes of economic , the semiconductor industry may fall into the dilemma of lacking the support of macroeconomic fundamentals for a long time in the future.
Comprehensive data from the international electronic market shows that the global semiconductor market will reach about US$560 billion in 2023, with a shrinking rate of more than 4%. Among them, the shrinking semiconductor market is mainly concentrated in the Asia-Pacific region, and the market size in other regions is expected to be relatively stable.
Industry experts pointed out that in 2023, the global semiconductor industry will still face the "dilemma of innovation demand" and continue to slump. The incremental innovation based on the PC, mobile phone, consumer electronics and other markets has entered a recession period, and the incremental space has narrowed significantly, just like mobile phones and PCs. The next-generation phenomenon-level market that can support the rapid iterative upgrade of semiconductor technology is not yet mature and has fully exploded, and there is a "fault" in the innovation demand on the market side. However, the current structural technological changes are still mainly at the engineering level, and there has not been a major basic technological revolution that can expand the overall economic space in the short term. Therefore, competition in the same industry will be closer to zero-sum game , and technological innovation investment follows the margin According to the law of diminishing returns, the high-cost investment in advanced technology in some countries will gradually slow down.
On the other hand, the game between China and the United States in the semiconductor field is expected to usher in a short-term strategic buffer period in 2023, but as the 2024 U.S. election approaches, the United States will still intermittently unite with its allies to conduct national security threats against China’s semiconductor industry. Upgrade suppression and containment. In addition to supply chain links such as key semiconductor equipment, basic industrial materials and components, it may also involve wider fields such as new energy vehicles and digital new infrastructure. .
Therefore, on the whole, the domestic semiconductor market will still be under great pressure in the first half of 2023. By the end of 2023, China is expected to benefit from the impact of the greatly weakened impact of the epidemic, the phased recovery of consumer confidence, and the completion of destocking and . The scale rebounded, and the market of chip design, packaging and testing and other industrial chain links, mobile phones, consumer electronics, industrial semiconductors, data centers and other application fields gradually recovered.
10. The application of innovative technology in rehabilitation medicine ushers in "a hundred flowers blooming"
With the deepening of the aging population in China, the number of patients with chronic diseases is increasing, and the demand for rehabilitation medicine is also expanding. The international electronic business situation predicts that the scale of China's rehabilitation medical service market will exceed 200 billion yuan in 2025.
In order to actively respond to the aging population and better meet the medical security needs of the elderly, in recent years, China has continued to promote the combination of medical care and elderly care at the national level in order to optimize the health of the elderly and the supply of elderly care services; at the same time, medical institutions And enterprises are also actively developing application layout. For example, as of early November 2022, Intuitive Medical's Da Vinci Surgical System has assisted surgeons around the world to complete more than 10 million surgeries, and more than 300 Da Vinci Surgical Systems have been installed in China, benefiting more than 366,000 domestic patients.
According to international electronic business information, Intuitive Fosun Medical Robotics Project is actively advancing in Shanghai. The project is expected to be completed in 2025 and reach production in 2026. The project focuses on localized R&D and production of cutting-edge medical equipment including da Vinci surgical robot . In addition, due to da Vinci's handThe first batch of patent protection for medical robots has expired one after another. Not only Medtronic, Johnson & Johnson , Siemens and other medical device giants are competing to enter the market, but many local companies have recently joined the track. For consumer groups, these are undoubtedly good things.
According to statistics from the China Disabled Persons' Federation, there are 24.72 million people with physical disabilities in China, nearly 18 million people with visual impairments, and 27.8 million people with hearing disabilities. According to incomplete statistics, the prevalence of senile dementia in my country is 6%, the prevalence of depression and anxiety is close to 7%, and there are more than ten million patients with other nervous system diseases, and they are rapidly increasing with the degree of aging increase. Therefore, it is predicted that neural remodeling, neural replacement, and neuromodulation brain-computer interface technologies will have a market space of tens of trillions.
Brain-computer interface (Brain-computer interface, BCI) refers to the use of signals generated by the central nervous system, without relying on peripheral nerves or muscles, the user or subject's perception, perception, representation, cognition and thinking etc. directly into actions, and establish a direct communication and control channel between the brain (including human and animal brains) and external devices, the purpose of which is mainly to provide optional communication and ways to improve or further enhance their quality of life.
With the development of various technologies and the increasing demand for rehabilitation medical care, the industry is also making more attempts and explorations, such as the combination of computer technology with VR/AR, AI and other technologies to make telemedicine continue to mature; adopt advanced Advanced image acquisition technology and capsule robot application of radio frequency wireless transmission technology make the treatment effect more precise and effective; there are even multiple innovative treatments such as gene therapy, CD20 targeted therapy, and PARP inhibitors. The maturity and application of these rehabilitation medical technologies continue to benefit all mankind. Editor in charge of
: Clover.li
