Source: Elsevier Medical Center
Human papillomavirus (human papillomavirus, HPV) infection is caused by at least one of the more than 120 types of HPV that have been identified; all involve the epidermis, and different types of HPV and skin (not Mucosal type) and genital (mucosal type) infections are related, which can lead to the development of a variety of mucosal cancers, including cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, , vagina cancer, anal cancer and oropharyngeal cancer.
HPV infection rate is extremely high, and the lifetime risk of infection of sexually active people is as high as 80%. Currently, HPV vaccination is the first choice for the prevention of related cancers, which can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality; However, the popularity of HPV vaccination is still not ideal, which is caused by multiple levels of obstacles (such as parents/caregivers, Provider, system, cost).
Do you also have the following questions: Should
- children be vaccinated against HPV? How old can I get vaccinated?
- Do boys also need HPV vaccine?
- Which people are suitable for HPV vaccination? What are the precautions for
- vaccination? The
- HPV vaccine has reported serious side effects. Is it safe? (For example, Japan once withdrew the vaccine from the market.) If
- is vaccinated for girls (such as 11 years old), will they receive or even encourage premature sexual relations because of the vaccine, because the vaccine can prevent sexual transmission Disease (STD)? They may even think that condoms are not necessary! Should the vaccination be delayed?
Recently, MJ Erickson-Hogue, MD/Editor from Elsevier, gave the answer in the interpretation of the Physician Focus Series. Let’s take a look! What kind of diseases can be caused by
HPV infection?
HPV is mainly divided into two categories: high-risk type and low-risk type:
- low-risk type: can cause condyloma acuminata, papilloma of the cervix, vulva, etc.;
- high-risk type: can cause cervix, penis, anus, vulva and oropharynx And other parts of the cancer.
It is worth noting that the symptoms of HPV infection are hidden and the onset is slow. The process from infection to cancer may take 15-25 years. What are the transmission routes of
HPV?
Genital HPV infection is mainly through direct skin contact: vaginal sex, anal sex or oral sex, mother-to-child transmission. How does
prevent the occurrence of HPV-related cancers? HPV infection of
is the main cause of cervical cancer in women. Therefore, experts recommend that women start relevant testing and screening from the age of 21: HPV detection is used for early screening of high-risk HPV infection, and cervical cytology is used to detect precancerous lesions early. In addition, according to different ages, experts recommend slightly different examination schemes:
- recommends that women between 21 and 65 years old have cervical cytology every 3 years;
- performs combined cytology and HPV testing every 5 years for women between 30 and 65 years old .
It is worth noting that although has been vaccinated with HPV vaccine, it still needs to carry out HPV-related testing and screening according to the above principles. What are the classifications of
HPV vaccines? The types of
HPV vaccines are currently divided into the following types:
- bivalent vaccines (HPV 16 and 18)
- quadrivalent vaccines (HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18)
- nine-valent vaccines (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 , 33, 45, 52 and 58)
What are the precautions for HPV vaccination? The intensity of the immune response after
HPV vaccine injection is related to the age of the vaccinators. Compared with the 9-15 year old vaccinators, 16-26 year old vaccinators have more significant immune responsesWith a lower , 99% of adolescents will produce corresponding types of HPV antibodies in their serum after vaccination; in addition, under the premise of infection with specific types of HPV, vaccination will not affect the production of other types of antibodies. Therefore, recommends early vaccination of the vaccine if there is no HPV exposure. The specific vaccination plan is as follows:
- 9-15 years old and have a certain degree of immunity, take the 2 vaccination plan, the second vaccination and the first vaccination The interval is 6-12 months;
- 15-26 years old with certain immunity or low immunity of any age, take 3 vaccination plan, the second vaccination and the first vaccination interval 1-2 months, the third vaccination There is an interval of 6 months from the first vaccination.
No vaccination test is required before vaccination of HPV vaccine. Vaccination is not recommended for people who are allergic to yeast and latex during pregnancy. How to choose the type of HPV vaccine
?
In addition, experts also recommend that men receive the vaccine . CDC recommends 11-12-year-old men and women (you can start at 9 years old), 13-26-year-old women, and 13-21-year-old men vaccinate HPV nine-valent vaccine; given the probability that women aged 27-45 have been infected with HPV Higher, the effect after vaccination is poor, so CDC does not recommend routine HPV vaccination. If you want to get the vaccine, it is recommended to consult a doctor for evaluation.
70% of cervical cancers are caused by HPV 16 and 18, which are currently covered by the three HPV vaccines; HPV 6 and 11 covered by the quadrivalent vaccine can cause 90% of condyloma acuminatum; HPV 31 included in the nine-valent vaccine , 33, 45, 52 and 58 can cause 15% of cervical cancers. In fact, as of the end of 2016, the United States only provided nine-valent vaccines.
Is HPV vaccine safe and effective?
A large number of clinical trial data show that the HPV vaccine is safe, and only adverse reactions similar to other vaccines will occur, such as erythema, pain, swelling, etc.; in addition, the data shows that HPV vaccine can effectively prevent cervical high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia , can reduce the occurrence of cervical cancer, and has a certain preventive effect on genital related cancers.
In fact, people still have certain misunderstandings about HPV vaccination, so the vaccination rate is not high. Through the interpretation of the above experts, do you have a new understanding of the HPV vaccine? Regardless of whether you have been vaccinated or not, you must remember to check the relevant aspects regularly!
