One,
In 1949, after three major battles, the People's People's Liberation Army swept across the country, and the collapse of the national government was just around the corner. When the news of
reaches Xinjiang, government officials and military officials must make a choice, whether to resist to the end, or to accept the adaptation of a peaceful uprising?
Zhang Zhizhong, the former head of the Northwest camp and the chairman of Xinjiang Province, as an uprising general, sent a telegram to Tao Zhiyue, commander-in-chief of Xinjiang Garrison, and Baoerhan, chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Government:
"Don't resist, national peace is the most important thing, hurry up Uprising." The telegram sent by Jiang Jieshi z
said: "If you want to find a way to preserve Xinjiang and make a peaceful movement, you must not do it." What choice
should choose is actually not difficult. Commander Ye Cheng of
, Ma Chengxiang, and others threatened Tao Zhiyue, saying that the PLA could enter Xinjiang, but it may not be able to stand. It is better to take the troops to southern Xinjiang. If it succeeds, the Baath Party state will be the Baath Party state, and it will be the emperor of the earth.
Tao Zhiyue knows very well that the general situation of the state is gone, how long a frontier army can resist, don't toss about it.
He analyzed the situation for Ye Cheng and Ma Chengxiang and told them that the resistance would be fruitless. If you want to be loyal to the party-state, you can leave and you must ensure your safety.
found that Tao Zhiyue wanted a peaceful uprising, Ye Cheng and Ma Chengxiang had no choice but to live up to Chairman Chiang’s expectations and left India with a huge fortune of 800 taels of gold.
On September 25th, Tao Zhiyue sent out a power-on, announcing an uprising of 70,000 Xinjiang troops. The next day, Bauerhan announced on behalf of the provincial government that he would leave the government.
So far, Xinjiang has been peacefully liberated.
Just half a month before the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang, Wang Zhen and the First Corps received the order to move quickly towards Yumenguan. Once Xinjiang was peacefully liberated, they would be stationed in Dihua. If the national army resisted, they would teach them how to behave on the battlefield.
After receiving the order, the Wang Zhen Corps embarked on the westward march without preparing any cotton-padded clothes.
When crossing the Qilian Mountains, only soldiers in single clothes were advancing in the snow, and it was impossible to stop and rest. As long as stops, the body does not move, and it will soon be frozen into an ice sculpture . The army of
made great sacrifices and finally arrived in Zhangye and Jiuquan in late September, and its soldiers were directed at Xinjiang.
Now that Tao Zhiyue and Bauerhan are in the uprising, the People's Liberation Army does not need to fight, just go in and receive the reorganization. Wang Zhen divided the corps into two groups:
After the Second Army left Yumen Pass, it marched to Southern Xinjiang , liberated the Uyghur compatriots living in southern Xinjiang, and the Sixth Army went Northern Xinjiang , went straight to Dihua, and occupied Xinjiang. He’s military and political center, and then marched westward, meeting up with his brother troops near Congling.
This is an ambitious plan to advance, and neither road is easy to follow.
Wang Zhen spent 280,000 silver dollars, rented 45 planes, armored vehicles, and automobiles from the Soviet Union, and led the leading force to drive 1,000 kilometers. He arrived in Dihua on October 20 and announced that the People's Liberation Army would be stationed in Xinjiang.
is really expensive.
is responsible for the liberation of the Second Army of Southern Xinjiang. The most tragic is the 5th Division and the 15th Regiment.
On December 4, the 15th regiment had arrived in the Aksu area. Before it had time to rest, it suddenly received news that Hotan was planning an armed rebellion.
Aksu to Hotan , separated by the Taklimakan Desert, the straight line distance is 550 kilometers, if you detour Kashgar, the distance will be farther.
Rescuing soldiers is like fighting a fire, and the Hotan rebellion is imminent, and the PLA is not allowed to advance slowly.
So the 15th Regiment decided to cross the Taklimakan Desert and liberate Hotan from north to south, to frighten the armed forces preparing to rebel.
They carried their weapons and entered the desert without hesitation.
For 18 days, they walked 750 kilometers in the desert. Some people keep falling down on the road, and some are too thirsty to hold on, so the commanders encourageThey:
"When I was in Aksu, the planned battle plan was to go to Hotan, and we must climb to Hotan. We must meet the people of Hotan."
After talking, ask the soldiers: "Can you persist?"
"Yes." "
After a forced march for 18 days and nights, the officers and soldiers of the 15th regiment had blood red eyes. Coupled with the wind and sand invasion, everyone seemed to be fished out of the desert.
On December 22, officers and soldiers of the 15th regiment covered in yellow sand arrived in Hotan. The people of Hotan asked these strangers, where did you come from?
They said that the People's Liberation Army came from the Gobi Desert.
The people of Hotan were shocked. The People's Liberation Army could actually cross the desert. This is a heavenly soldier who fell from the sky. How can those forces that are preparing for an armed rebellion dare to fight against such an army? The armed rebellion was quickly put down.
Peng Dehuai heard the feat of the 15th regiment and issued a power-on award: You have created an unprecedented marching record.
Soon after this, the troops of the First Corps continued to liberate all parts of Xinjiang and put down the rebellion caused by the remnants of the Ma’s army, the national spies, and the US consulate.
By the beginning of 1950, the situation in Xinjiang was basically stabilized, party organizations and governments at all levels were established, and Tao Zhiyue's troops were reorganized into the 22nd Corps of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.
On the National Day of that year, 158 representatives of various ethnic groups presented their gifts in Huairentang and performed their own characteristic songs and dances. Liu Yazi wrote an improvisational song "Huanxisha" and gave it to Mao Zedong.
Mao Zedong also played with a song called "Huanxi Sand", giving Liu Yazi in return:
The long night is hard to see in Chixian County, and the centuries-old monster danced lightly.
Five hundred million people are not reunited.
sings the rooster world is white, Wanfang music plays with Khotan.
poet Xing will be even more indomitable.
Wanfang music is played in Khotan, which is Xinjiang.
Mao Zedong, who is familiar with history, certainly knows that Xinjiang is a heroic land.
Since Zhang Qian passed through the Western Regions, countless Han elders went out to fight, buried his loyal bones at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains after his death in battle, and sang triumphant triumphs back to Yumen .
Every inch of land in Xinjiang has the ardent and loyal souls of Chinese heroes. They are waiting for future generations to complete their unfinished mission.
Now, it's the PLA's turn.
And behind the hero, there is also a difficult challenge.
The way to manage the Western Regions in the Han and Tang dynasties was to farm land, which was to send troops from the interior to the Western Regions to farm while fighting. This was the most effective way to digest the territory.
However, due to productivity constraints, there were only 20,000 Tuntians in the Han Dynasty and only 50,000 in the Tang Dynasty. Even the Qing Dynasty, which had a population explosion, only had 120,000.
In Xinjiang, where all ethnic groups live together, the farming scale of 100,000 people can only be said to be better than nothing.
Even if the army’s combat effectiveness is strong, it is only a regain at the military level. Once the national strength declines or the number of troops cannot keep up, Xinjiang will soon be occupied by aliens.
countless bloody historical lessons, in fact, summed up there are two, one is to improve Xinjiang's productivity, and the other is to immigrate to Xinjiang from the mainland on a large scale .
Only in this way can Xinjiang, like the mainland, become China’s forever indivisible territory.
However, when Xinjiang was first liberated, there was no modern industry in Xinjiang, the level of agricultural production was very low, and some places were still in a semi-primitive state.
Another problem is more serious.
Xinjiang had a total population of 4.33 million at the time, and the Han people were only a mere 290,000. Most of them were officers and soldiers of the Wang Zhen Corps and Tao Zhiyue Corps, as well as administrative staff sent to Xinjiang.
It can be said that it is very difficult for New China to govern Xinjiang.
Second,
The People’s Liberation Army wants to survive in Xinjiang, firstThe food problem has to be solved.
At that time, the two corps of Wang Zhen and Tao Zhiyue had a total of 170,000 people. In addition to the administrative staff of various party and government agencies, Xinjiang had more than 200,000 people out of production and needed 100,000 tons of grain a year.
However, Xinjiang is too poor, with less than 200 kilograms of grain per capita. Except for rations and seeds, there is basically no surplus. To feed the army by collecting taxes, don't even think about it.
It is not realistic to buy food.
Xinjiang is far away from the inland, and the transportation is very inconvenient. The transportation of grain from the inland to Xinjiang is 8-10 times the price of grain. Importing grain from the Soviet Union requires the use of foreign exchange, and the newly established New China does not have much foreign exchange at all.
Gan Zuchang, the logistics minister of the Xinjiang Military Region, has to fly to Beijing to transport silver dollars every month to buy food for the troops.
Even if the country uses its greatest strength to support Xinjiang, it is still not enough. In January 1950, 135,000 people in northern Xinjiang were already in a state of semi-absence of supply. In another three months, Xinjiang’s funding gap will reach 220,000 silver dollars.
These difficulties are also understood by others.
The former deputy consul of the U.S. Consulate in Dihua, Maknan, put down his rhetoric when he left Xinjiang: “The communist army is easy to get in or out. I want to watch them starve to death, die of thirst, and die in the yellow sand. "
until now, there is no other way but self-reliance.
In 1950, Wang Zhen ordered all soldiers in Xinjiang to participate in productive labor and open up wasteland to solve the food problem.
Reclamation of wasteland and farmland must have a water source, without water, no food can be grown.
In the early years when the state government governed Xinjiang, it planned to build a 54-kilometer diversion canal, but after several years of repairing it, it was still a defective product and was useless at all.
Wang Zhen approached engineer Fan Baoyun and asked him how to build the diversion channel, and if possible, enlarge it. Fan Baoyun did some calculations and told Wang Zhen: “The diversion canal can be expanded to 70 kilometers, but 7,000 cubic meters of rubble is needed. The rubble is on the mountain 20 kilometers away and can be transported by 100 vehicles within a month."
It's so poor, where are the 100 cars?
Wang Zhen told Fan Baoyun that we do not have cars, but we have tractors...human-shaped tractors.
A few days later, all the officers and men stationed in Dihua were dispatched. Everyone pulled a sledge on their shoulders, which could pull 20 kilometers in one breath, and bluntly transported the rubble to the construction site. The first one in the team was Commander Wang Zhen. The people of
Dihua were shocked. The dignified commander actually did the hardest work by himself, and he couldn't help but cheer:
PLA, Yaxie.
requires 100 vehicles to transport the rubble for a month, and the People’s Liberation Army has completed the construction in 20 days with human labor. The project that the government has not completed for many years was completed in the same year.
By the end of 1950, the People's Liberation Army had built 32 canals across Xinjiang, with a total length of 1,235 kilometers, which could irrigate 1.27 million mu of arable land.
Once we have water, we can open up wasteland.
Wang Zhen ordered the troops to build a garden on the Gobi Desert without occupying any land. They want to give up mature arable land to the common people, and reclaim the land on the edge of the desert and on the salt-alkali flats. How can you farm in a desolate place like
? If it is possible, the former army will be planted, and will you show off in the rounds?
The People's Liberation Army does not believe in evil, I will plant it.
All units are assigned tasks and rush to the new battlefield. There was no house in the wasteland, so they dug a few big holes and covered them with thatch to make simple nests. Houses like
don't keep warm. When soldiers get up every day, the first thing they do is to breathe, lift the ice flakes on their mouths, and then go out to work with their tools.
There is an old army cultivator who recalled that everyone divided a piece of wasteland. As the task of the day, whoever did it first was the hero of the battle.
thenThey put the steamed buns they brought with them in front and waited for lunch until they were dried there. Moreover, the climate in Xinjiang is dry. If you don't want hard steamed buns, you have to dry them quickly.
After gnawing the buns, continue to do it. When you count it down, you have to work more than ten hours a day.
For a whole year, the People's Liberation Army reclaimed more than 600,000 mu of wasteland, far exceeding the target, and achieved self-sufficiency in food, vegetables, and meat that year, and no longer need to ask the state.
By 1952, the army’s planting area reached more than 1.1 million mu and 99.6 million kilograms of grain were harvested, and the first batch of military reclamation farms were established.
In just three years, the People's Liberation Army has stabilized in Xinjiang.
and land reclamation and canal construction at the same time are industrial construction.
Isn't Xinjiang poor, but it needs funds to run industries, what should we do? Wang Zhen said at the mobilization meeting: "We want to build steel plants, textile factories and other projects in Xinjiang, but we cannot ask Chairman Mao for money, nor can we exploit the people of Xinjiang. I can only ask you what you want."
money? There are actually
.
Wang Zhen asked the General Logistics Department to make Xinjiang's military uniforms by himself. He changed the double-layer collar of the military uniform into one layer, leaving two of the four pockets of the cadre and one of the two pockets of the soldier, just to save some fabric.
can also save a little by eating. Whole grains can be half full, and the remaining grains can be saved. On average, each person can save 91 yuan per year.
was deducted bit by bit, and all the saved materials were used to buy machines. A series of industrial projects such as cotton spinning mills, steel plants, tractor repair plants, and hydropower stations were soon established in Xinjiang.
and these projects are the guarantee of sustainable development for Xinjiang. The achievements of
even Tao Zhiyue admired: "The achievements of today's Xinjiang construction of really depend on the then commander Wang’s planting of its original foundation ."
Actually, Wang Zhen was just a representative of Xinjiang’s construction, those who entered Xinjiang. The officers and soldiers of the 1st Corps and the 22nd Corps of the uprising were all heroes who changed Xinjiang.
3. The biggest problem in Xinjiang is population.
does not have a sufficient population, the land cannot be occupied, and any construction results cannot be preserved. A mere 290,000 Han people live on an area of 1.6 million square kilometers, not even a small drop of water in the sea.
If you want to keep Xinjiang, 170,000 people of the People’s Liberation Army and administrative personnel must be settled in Xinjiang to multiply their descendants, and the population must continue to be introduced to achieve a balanced proportion of the population of all ethnic groups.
But it is too difficult to settle down in Xinjiang. The
army stipulates that in order to respect the customs of ethnic minorities, Han soldiers are not allowed to marry ethnic minority women, while most Han Chinese in Xinjiang are single men in the army.
settle down, with whom? There are almost no women. As a result, some veterans complained to Wang Zhen: "When we are old, can we build a large temple on the Tianshan Mountains and let us be monks?"
All soldiers have gone to be monks. Then who will defend Xinjiang? Bai tossed.
Wang Zhen also knows that there is a shortage of women in Xinjiang.
In 1950, Wang Zhen ordered Xiong Huang to recruit female soldiers in Hunan, and wrote a letter to Huang Kecheng and Wang Shoudao who are in charge of Hunan:
"Xinjiang is sparsely populated, and it is difficult to find a spouse. The troops have to reclaim their borders and settle down for a long time without resolving marriage. The problem is no way. Today, we will send Comrade Xiong Huang to Hunan. Please help us vigorously." What kind of person is
looking for?
Wang Zhen said very simple, the minimum age is 18 years old, middle and high school education, unmarried or divorced, and no matter the family background.
In that era, family origin was very important. Now in order to find female soldiers, Wang Zhen has released all the red lines. In short,
is-female.
soon, ChangshaPosting a notice about recruiting female soldiers in Xinjiang, the Hunan girls knew that it was too glorious to be in the People's Liberation Army. They signed up to join the army. They recruited 3862 people that year. In 1951, they recruited a second batch of 4,000 female soldiers.
This is the origin of "eight thousand Hunan women went to Tianshan", but eight thousand Hunan girls are not enough, and there are 100,000 soldiers without wives.
Someone gave Wang Zhen an idea. Shandong is an old revolutionary base. There are more women than men. Why don't you ask comrades in Shandong for help?
After the mobilization of Shandong's party and government departments, a total of 16,000 Shandong girls entered Xinjiang from 1952 to 1954. Those widowed women also brought 1,190 children.
In addition, there are Shanghai women mobilized by Chen Yi, and women recruited by the Xinjiang Military Region in Hebei, Henan and other places. When the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps was established in 1954, the entire Corps had a total of 175,000, of which 40,000 were women. What about the remaining soldiers
?
are all recruits who have recently joined the army. Let's hurry up and work. What's the hurry to get married? Let's meet the older soldiers first.
So far, the first batch of People's Liberation Army to enter Xinjiang was considered settled down.
The stability of the military is only the first step, and the continuous migration of the population is the century-old plan to stabilize Xinjiang.
Beginning in 1956, the country started a youth support program that lasted for many years in Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other places to supplement the population of Xinjiang. Among them, Shanghai has 100,000 youths and Wuhan has 8,000. In the era of
, the branch was very glorious, but many parents felt that the distance was too long and their children were not allowed to go to the branch. The enthusiastic young students stole the hukou and moved the hukou directly to Xinjiang.
Later, the well-known historian Yi Zhongtian went to Xinjiang to work for ten years. He said at the Wuhan educated youth welcome party:
"I read a Soviet novel called "Brave". The book describes a group of young people going to Siberia. The construction of the Komsomolsk by is so touching. I hope that, like them, a Komsomolsk will be built in Siberia, China, and I will write a copy of "Brave" in the future." The idea of
Yi Zhongtian also represents the youth of that era.
They are knowledgeable, passionate, and willing to dedicate their youth and strength to the country. All they think in their hearts are sacrifices and struggle, but there is no comfort and enjoyment.
There are such outstanding young people, coupled with the strong mobilization of the country, the population of Xinjiang is gradually increasing.
According to statistics, had a population of more than 600,000 people who entered Xinjiang from 1954 to 1961, and another 580,000 people moved into Xinjiang from 1963 to 1974, .
These two large-scale population migrations, coupled with the 200,000 army during the liberation of Xinjiang, nearly 1.4 million Han people in Xinjiang, basically achieving a balanced population ratio.
After that, they gave birth to the second generation of Xinjiang and the third generation of Xinjiang, from the homesick migrant population to truly regard Xinjiang as their hometown.
Someone has a future. This is Xinjiang's centennial plan.
4. After decades of hard work, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, established in 1954, has become half of Xinjiang.
Generation after generation of Bingtuan people have established a complete industrial system of textiles, steel, coal, electric power, and chemical industries on the basis of the 1950s. GDP in 2019 accounted for 20% of Xinjiang, and the area of grain cultivation accounted for 10% of Xinjiang. %.
Let's look at the distribution map of the 14 divisions of the Corps:
does it mean to garrison important places and control the Quartet?
In addition, there is a 10-30 km border farm belt at the border of the country, which has been guarding China's border for decades. It can be said that Corps is the skeleton of Xinjiang .
3The 200,000 soldiers of the Corps have inherited the mission of Chinese heroes for thousands of years, reclaiming land in Xinjiang and guarding China's northwestern border .
And decades of population migration and reproduction, the population problems that have plagued the past dynasties have basically been solved.
According to 2015 statistics, Uyghurs accounted for 46% of Xinjiang’s population, Hans 39%, and Kazakhs 7%, which is several times higher than the 290,000 people in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China.
All this was done bit by bit in 70 years. During the period, how many blood and sacrifices were made, and how many people turned into gray hair, only then achieved the current results. Is
difficult?
is of course difficult, but we did it anyway.
Fifth,
Chinese people have shed blood in Xinjiang for thousands of years, thinking about defending their homes and the country.
The Huns, Turks, Russia, and Britain worked hard to occupy Xinjiang. Now that the United States and the European Union care about human rights in Xinjiang, HM boycotts Xinjiang cotton, which belongs to Xiangzhuang's sword dance intention in Peigong.
At this point, all the enemies are tacitly aware, as if holding the same script and carrying the same line.
We must understand that Xinjiang has been a battlefield since ancient times.
, whether it is directly sending troops to occupy, using agents to instigate the color revolution, or using cotton in the field of public opinion, the essential purpose is to mess up Xinjiang and attack China .
On the battlefield of Xinjiang, China and the enemy have never been warm-hearted, they can only fight hard and never retreat. Because once they give in and concede defeat, China will be a corner of the sky, and all hopes and plans will be in vain.
From the Anshi Rebellion to the Tsarist invasion, the lessons of history are too profound.
Therefore, in this cotton incident, we must meet the challenge and cannot take a step back. Regardless of the price paid, we must protect our Xinjiang.
Although foreign countries are coming on fiercely, we can say with confidence that as long as you do everything you can, Xinjiang is also China’s indivisible territory. The confidence of
comes from the heroes who built Xinjiang in the past 70 years.
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