Zhuangzi (369 BC-286 BC), Ming Zhou, Han nationality, from Song Guomeng (now Mengqiangsi Village, Northeast Liangyuan District, Shangqiu City, Henan Province), thinker, philosopher, and writer of the Warring States Period, the main founder of Taoism One of the people. Zhuang Zi's ancestors descended from the Chu state. Later, due to the Wu Qi reform, the Chu state had civil strife. The ancestors escaped from Yizong and moved to Mengdi of Song state. Zhuangzi had only worked as a local lacquer garden official in his life, and he should not be hired by the king of Chu Wei because he advocated freedom. The inheritor and development of Laozi's thought. Later generations referred to him and Laozi as "Lao Zhuang". Their philosophical thinking system is respected as "Lao Zhuang Philosophy" by ideological and academic circles. Representative works are "Zhuangzi" and famous articles such as "Xiaoyaoyou" and "Qiwulun".
Escape (excerpt)
(Pre-Qin) Zhuang Zhou
Original name:
鲲鲲 . Kun is so big, I don't know how many miles it is. Transformed into a bird, its name is Peng. Peng's back, I don't know how many kilometers away, it flies in anger, and its wings are like clouds hanging down from the sky. It is a bird, and the sea will migrate to Nanming. Nan Mingzhe, Tianchi also. Those of "Qi Harmony" are also those of Zhiwei. "Xie" said: "Peng's migration in Nanming Ye, the water hits three thousand miles, and the one who swaggers upwards is 90,000 miles, and the one who goes to breathe in June is also." The wild horse is also, the dust is also, the biological breath is Phase blow also. The sky is blue, is it righteous and evil? Is it so far away and so evil? It looks down, and if so, it's done. Moreover, the water accumulation of the husband is not thick, so his negative boat is also weak. Put a cup of water on the au hall, and the boat will be mustard; if the cup is placed, it will be glue. The water is shallow and the boat is big. The accumulation of wind is not thick, and its negative wings are also weak. Therefore, for ninety thousand miles, the wind is going down, and then it is today's peifeng; those who bear the blue sky and Mo Zhiyao, then today will Jiang Tunan.
圩 laughed and said: "I decided to fly, grab the elm and stop, time will not come, but control the ground only for the sake of nine thousand miles to the south?" If the meal is reversed, the belly is still true; those who are suitable for a hundred miles, the food is eaten, and those who are suitable for a thousand miles, the food is gathered in March. What do you know about the second insect? (Grab the Yufang One: Gun Yufang)
Little knowledge is not as good as the big one, and the young year is not as good as the big one. Xi Yi knows it? Chao bacteria don’t know Hui Shuo, and worms don’t know Spring and Autumn. In the south of Chu, there are ghosts, who regard five hundred years old as spring and five hundred years old as autumn. In ancient times, there were great trees, and eight thousand years old was spring, and eight thousand years old was autumn. This new year also. And Peng Zu is a special news for a long time, and everyone can match it. So sad!
The question of the thorn in the soup is also: "In the north of the poor hair, there are those who are in the dark sea, and the sky is also. There are fish Yan, which is thousands of miles wide, and there is no one who knows its repairs, and its name is Kun. There is bird Yan and its name. It is Peng. The back is like Mount Tai, and the wings are like clouds hanging from the sky. The one who lifts the horns up to 90,000 miles, the cloud is absolutely cloudless, and the sky is blue, and then Tunan, and suitable for the south. Is it right? I leaped up, but I leaped down, soaring between the basil, this one also flies to the right. And the other one is also suitable?'" This is a small and big argument.
The old husband knows the effect of an official, the behavior is better than the same township, the virtue is the same as the monarch, and the one who conquers the same country, his self-esteem is also the same. And Song Rongzi still laughed. Moreover, the world’s reputation without persuasion, the world without dismay, the distinction between internal and external, and the realm of honor and disgrace, are already done. He is in the world, but it is not counted. Although, there are still no trees. Fuliezi walked against the wind, calm and kind. Ten days there are five days and then reverse. Those who are blessed are not counted. Although this is free, there is still something to be done. If the husband takes advantage of the righteousness of the heaven and the earth, and guards against the debate of the six qi, if you want to swim infinitely, he will be evil? Therefore, it is said: To all people have no self, gods have no merit, and saints have no name.
Translation:
There is a fish in the North Sea, its name is Kun. Kun is very huge, I don't know how many miles. Kun changed into a bird, and its name was Peng. Peng's back is not known to be thousands of miles long; when it vibrates its wings and rises up to fly straight, its wings are like clouds hanging in the sky. This bird is about to migrate to the southern sea when the strong wind blows the sea. The sea in the south is a large natural pond.
The book "Qi Xie" is a book that records some weird things. The book records: "Peng went to the sea southWhen migrating, the wings flapped against the water, which could stir up waves of three thousand miles, circled the cyclone and flew up to 90,000 miles high in the sky, and took the June wind to leave the North Sea. "Swimming like wild horses, flying dust, moving creatures are all moving because of the wind. Is it the original color of the vast sky? Is there no end to its vastness? Peng Peng When you look down, what you see should be the same.
If the gathered water is not deep, then it will not have the power to load a big ship. Pour a glass of water on the low-lying place in front of the hall, and a small grass can be covered As it is a ship, putting a cup on it will stick to it. This is the reason why the water is shallow but the ship is big. If the gathered wind is not strong enough, there will be no power to load a huge wing. Therefore , Peng was flying at an altitude of 90,000 li, and the wind was under it. With the wind, he carried the blue sky unimpeded, and then began to fly south.
Cicada and Little Turtle Dove sneered at Peng and said: "We worked hard and Fly, it stops when it encounters elm and sandalwood trees, sometimes it can't fly up, and it just falls on the ground. Why do we need to fly ninety thousand miles to the South China Sea? "People who go to the suburbs only bring the three meals of food they ate that day, and they are still full when they come back; people who are a hundred miles away have to spend the whole night to prepare dry food; people who are thousands of miles away have to accumulate three The grain of the moon. What do the two small insects and birds know, the cicada and the small turtle dove.
Xiaozhi is not as good as Dazhi, and short-lived is not as long-lived. How do you know that this is the case? The dying Juncao does not know the night And dawn. The chilly cicadas born in spring and summer and died in autumn, do not know the time of a year, this is short-lived. There is a big tree in the south of Chu State called Lingtou, which regards five hundred years as a spring, and five hundred years as a spring. As an autumn. In ancient times, there was a tree called Dachun. It regarded eight thousand years as a spring and eight thousand years as an autumn. This is longevity. But Peng Zu, who lived for more than 700 years, is still special because of his longevity. Well-known, everyone wants to compare with him, can't it be sad!
Shang Tang asked Ji, and this is the same thing he talked about. Tang asked Ji, "Is there a limit in the upper and lower Quartet?" "Ji said: "Besides Promise, there is Promise! In the far north where there is no vegetation, there is a sea, which is Tianchi. There is a fish in it. Its body is thousands of miles wide. No one knows how long it is. Its name is Kun. There is a bird whose name is Peng. Peng's back is like Mount Tai, and his wings are like clouds in the sky; he circulates for 90,000 miles by the whirlwind, surpasses the clouds, carries the blue sky on his back, and then flies south, about to fly to the South China Sea. The sparrow in Ozawa sneered at Peng and said, ‘Where is it going to fly? I flew up as soon as I jumped, but fell down several feet high and hovered in the basil bushes. This was also an excellent flight. And where will it fly to? '” This is the difference between big and small.
Therefore, those who are smart enough to serve as an official, whose behavior can protect the people of the same town, those whose virtues can fit the minds of a king, and those whose ability can gain the trust of the whole country, they regard themselves and also Just like the little bird mentioned above. And Song Rongzi laughed at this kind of person. Song Rongzi was praised by all people in the world, and he was not particularly encouraged because of this. Everyone in the world slandered him, and he too He didn’t feel frustrated because of this. He recognized that he was able to distinguish between himself and foreign objects and distinguished the boundaries of honor and disgrace. He felt that it was nothing more than that. He treated everything in the world without desperately pursuing it. Even so, he still has a future. The realm reached.
Liezi walks in the wind, comfortable and easy to drive. He returns after fifteen days; he does not desperately pursue the blessings. In this way, although walking is avoided, he still has some means of relying. If you conform to the world and everything His nature controls the changes in the six qi and travels in infinite realms. What else does he rely on? So: the person with the highest cultivation can let nature go and forget himself, and the person who has reached the state of deification and unexpectedness has no intention of seeking merit. The saint with moral knowledge does not intend to seek a name.
Note:
ming: "Ming" refers to the color of the sea and the dark sea. "Legend of the North Sea", the North Sea has no borders. Black.
Kun (kūn): the legendary big fish. It: cancel sentence independence between subject and predicate. Its: table speculation.
Peng: originally the ancient "phoenix" character, here refers to the legendary big bird.
Anger: risingLooks like, here means blowing up wings.
: Same as "Zhou", marginal.
sea transportation: sea movement. There is an ancient saying that "June sea moves". There must be strong winds when shipping, so Dapeng can ride the wind to travel south. Migration: migration.
Tianchi: The sea formed naturally.
"Qi Xie": the title of the book. Coming from the Qi State, there are many witty and weird things, hence the name "Qixie". Let’s talk about names.
Zhiguai: Record weird things. Chi, record.
Water Strike: refers to the flapping of the wings of the Pengbird against the water. Slap: slap.
tuán (tuán): turning up. A "beat" (bó), shoot. Fuyao: A whirlwind, also known as Hiao, a violent wind that spirals up sharply from the ground. Nine, expresses imaginary numbers, not actual ones.
Go: Li, here means leaving Beihai. "Whoever goes to rest in June" means that Dapeng's flight stopped in Nanming for six months. As soon as it was a strong wind, Dapeng took the strong wind in June to fly to Nanming. To: rely on. Interest: wind.
Mustang: Refers to the swimming fog. The ancients believed that in the spring, all things sprout, and the upper reaches of the earth surge like wild horses.
Dust: The soil raised in the air is called "dust", and the fine dust particles are called "angels".
creature: refers to all kinds of living things. Breath: This refers to the breath produced by the breathing of living things. Phase: each other. Blowing: blowing.
Cangcang: Deep blue. Its righteousness and evil: maybe it is the true color of heaven? It, suppress, maybe. Orthochromatic, real color. Evil, same as "Yeah", interrogative mood. Extreme: Exhaust. Down: Down. Also: also. Yes: so. Already: That's it.
cover: dump. Au (ào): Depressed and uneven, "Aotang" refers to the depression in the middle of the hall.
mustard: grass. Put the cup in it and glue it: Put the cup in it and stick it aground. Place, place. Yan, here. Glue, pointing to the ground.
: Then, yes.
And then Naijin: The inverse of "Now and Later", which means "this way, then...". Pei: Ping.
Mo Zhiyao (yāo è): No obstacles. Yao, frustration. Shun, contain, stop. "Mo Zhiyao'an" is the inversion of "Mo Yao'anzhi". Tunan: Plan to fly south.
蜩 (tiáo): Cicada. Learn dove: small bird names like turtledoves.
decision (xuè): a fast look.
grab (qiāng): touch, touch, land. "Grab" is also used as a "gun". Yufang: Two tree names. Elm, elm tree. Fang, sandalwood.
Control: cast, fall.
Xi Yi: Why. Zhi: Go to. It is: Modal particle at the end of the sentence, which means rhetorical question, which is equivalent to "N". South: The noun is used as a verb, heading south (to fly). "Xi regards... as", that is, "Where can I use...?".
Suitable: go, go. Mang Cang: The color is hazy, far away indistinguishable, originally refers to the color of the countryside, here is extended to the suburbs.
three meals: refers to one day. It means that only one day's food is needed. Reverse: Same as "return", return.
still: Also. Sure enough: Looks full.
overnight: here refers to one night. Plenty of food: that is, pound of food for one night.
: This, this. Two insects: refers to the centipede and the dove. Insect: It means animal, which can be translated as small animal
Zhi (zhì): Tong "wisdom", wisdom.
Chao fungus: a kind of big zhi, a fungus plant that lives and dies. Hui Shuo: Hui, the last day of each month in the lunar calendar, Shuo, the first day of each month in the lunar calendar. One said that "darkness" refers to the end of the month, and "Suo" refers to the beginning of the month.
huì gū: chills, spring birth and summer death or summer birth and autumn death.
Mingling: the name of the tree. One is the name of the big tortoise.
According to the characteristics of the before and after term structure, there should be the sentence "this middle-aged person" under this sentence, but there is no such sentence in traditional books.
Dachun: The legendary name of the big tree. One is a huge toon.
Peng Zu: According to legend, Yao's courtier, named Keng, Feng Yu Peng, lived about eight hundred years old. Naijin: Now. With, with. Special, alone. Smell, famous all over the world.
everyone: ordinary people. Horse: match, ratio.
soup: Shangtang. Ji: A wise doctor in Tangshi, "Xia Ge (jí)" in "Lie Zi Tang Wen". Already: carry on.
Poor hair: the legendary extremely barren land without vegetation. Hair, refers to vegetation.
repair: long.
Mount Tai: In the north of Tai'an, Shandong today.
shofar: a whirlwind that turns upwards like a shofar.
must: pass through.
Rebuke (yàn): A small bird in a pond. Reprimand,Pond, Ozawa.
Ren: The ancient length unit, the Zhou system is eight feet, and the Han system is seven feet; here should be from the Zhou system.
to: the extreme point.
The argument between small and big: the difference between small and big. Debate is the same as "discriminate", distinguish and separate.
effect: effectiveness, best effort. Official: Official position.
line (xíng): character. Ratio: He.
together: make...satisfied. And: through "can", can. Conquer: Conquer.
Song Rongzi: A Song Xian (jiān), a native of Song Dynasty, a thinker in the Warring States Period. Yuran: the look of a smile; Yu, through "Yao", hi.
cite: all. Persuade: Encourage.
non: blame, criticize. Ju (jǔ): Depressed.
set: recognize clearly. Inside and outside: here refers to self and things outside of the body respectively. In Zhuangzi's view, the spirit of autonomy is internal, honor and criticism are external, and only the spirit of autonomy is important and valuable.
Realm: Realm.
(shuò) Ran: Ji Jiran refers to the appearance of eagerly using the world, seeking fame and fortune, and desperately pursuing.
Liezi: A native of Zheng, named Lie Yukou, a thinker in the Warring States Period. Yu: Control.
Ling (líng) Ran: A light and airy look. Shan: wonderful.
ten days: ten days. There are: through "also", used to connect integers and zeros.
Blessing: Blessing.
: Although. Wait: rely on, rely on.
multiplication: follow, rely on. Heaven and earth: here refers to all things, refers to the entire natural world. Positive: Ben; here refers to the nature of nature.
Defense of Six Qi: Control the changes of six Qi. Yu, control and grasp. Six Qi: Refers to Yin, Yang, Wind, Rain, Obscurity, and Brightness. Debate: "change" means change.
He: He. And: will be. Evil (wū): What, what.
Zhiren: Zhuangzi considers the most accomplished person. The meanings of "god man" and "sage man" below are similar. Selflessness: Clear the boundary between foreign objects and self, and achieve the state of forgetting oneself. I do not distinguish between things.
God-man: This refers to a person whose spiritual world can completely transcend things. Reactive: Nothing, so no utilitarian.
Saint: This refers to a person who has achieved perfection in his thoughts. Anonymous: Do not pursue fame or status, do not establish a name.
Translation Two
There is a big fish in the northern sea whose name is Kun. Kun is very large, with a volume of thousands of miles; it changes into a bird and its name is Peng. Peng's back is also thousands of miles away; when it rises and flies, its spread wings are like clouds hanging from the sky. This peng bird will migrate to the southern sea as the tide rises and falls. The southern sea is a large natural pond. "Qi Xie" is a book dedicated to recording weird things. The book says: "When the bird migrating, its wings flapped against the surface of the water to stir up waves of three thousand miles, and it hovered up to 90,000 miles high. This flight only stopped after six months." Looking down from a high altitude, the transpiration is like the mist of a galloping horse, and the boiling dust is like being blown by the breath of living things. The blue sky we see, is that its true color? Is it endless? What Pengniao saw was probably the same.
If the water pool is not deep, it will have no power to float a large ship. Pouring a glass of water in the low-lying part of the courtyard, you can use mustard grass to make a boat, and putting a glass on the boat will stick to it, because the water is too shallow and the boat is too big. If the power of the wind is not strong, it cannot support its huge wings. Therefore, when the Pengniao flies to an altitude of 90,000 miles, the wind is under it, and then it can fly with the wind, carrying the blue sky on its back, without any obstacles, so that it can fly to the south. The chilly cicada and the little greyfinch felt very strange about this. They said: "I took off suddenly, trying to reach the branches of the elm and sandalwood trees. Sometimes I couldn't fly, and I just landed on the ground. Why do I have to go to an altitude of 90,000 miles? And flying south?" If you go to the outskirts, you can return before dinner. If you are not hungry, you don’t need dry food; if you go a hundred miles away, you have to prepare dry food for the next day at night; if you go thousands of miles away, It takes three months to prepare food. Of course, the two little things, Chilling and Greyfinch, don't understand these principles. The little ones can't understand the big ones, and the short-lived ones can't understand the long-lived ones. why would you said this? Chao Mong does not know that there is a month at the beginning and the end of the month, and the chilling cicadas do not know that there are spring and autumn. They live short. There is a big tortoise called Mingling in the south of Chu State. For it, five hundred years is spring, fiveOne hundred years is autumn; there was a tree called Dachun in ancient times. Eight thousand years are spring and eight thousand years are autumn. This is a long life. The 800-year-old Peng Zu is a long-lived birthday star. If people compare their lifespan with him, wouldn't it be sad?
Shangtang and Ji also had the previous conversation: "In the north where there is no vegetation, there is a deep sea, and that is the'Tianchi'. There is a kind of fish, thousands of miles wide, no one knows how much it is. Long, its name is Kun, and there is a bird named Peng. Its back is like a mountain, and its wings spread out like clouds in the sky. The Peng bird rose up and flew, spinning and swinging upwards to an altitude of 90,000 miles, passing through Clouds, carrying the blue sky, and then flying south to the sea in the south. He sneered at it and said: "Where is it going to fly? I took off hard, but it fell down a few feet high and hovered in the basil bushes. It's the farthest place I have flew. Where is it going to fly to?'" This is the difference between small and big.
Similarly, those who are talented and competent in an official position, have outstanding abilities in a township, and whose virtues are in line with being the prince of a country and praised by the people of the country, they actually look at themselves like the insights of the people, so Song Rongzi laughed at them. Song Rongzi is the kind of people in the world who praise him and won't make him feel encouraged. People in the world criticize him and won't make him feel depressed. He clearly knows what to do, what not to do, what is good, and what It's a bad kind of person. This should be said to be of a very high level. There are not many such people in the world. Even so, he still failed to reach the highest level. Liezi can walk in the wind, light and beautiful, and only returned to the ground after fifteen days. There are not many people who have his blessing. But although he is free from the labor of walking, he still has to depend on it. If a person can follow the nature of nature, grasp the "six qi", that is, Yin, Yang, wind, rain, obscurity, and lightness, and travel in an endless realm, what else does he need to rely on? Therefore, the "zhiren" has no self-interest, the "god man" has no merit, and the "sage" has no reputation.
Content analysis:
This article uses allegorical stories ingeniously, the writing style is varied, full of romanticism, and Zhuangzi's proposition is to be quiet and ineffective. His explanations of the world's size, nobility, longevity, right and wrong, gains and losses, honor and disgrace, etc. are relativistic. His attitude towards society and life, whether negative or inspiring, has a profound impact on future generations. He loathes the society of "hook-thief punishes and country-stealer", refuses to cooperate with rulers, despise wealth and wealth, and deny the existence of ghosts and gods, all have positive meaning and are worthy of recognition. However, his delusional thought of evading reality and pursuing unconditional spiritual freedom, whether at the time or at the present, is a passive and impossible absolute subjective idealism. The
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