Among the historical and cultural celebrities in Guiyang, Mr. Ling Ti'an is rarely mentioned. The old Guiyang native who was born in 1890 and died in 1950 rarely appears in relevant historical writings. People generally only know him by the name Zhongshu, the word Ti'an, and the name Xunxiang Shizhu. Because of his style, he is called Ling Ti'an on most occasions, and he is a bibliophile. But in addition to collecting books, he also has his own writings. "The Collection of Chai Weng's Calligraphy and Painting", "The Biography of Famous People in Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty", " Xiantong Guizhou Military History " and so on are the cultural heritage left to later generations. Among them, "Xiantong Guizhou Military History" is the most systematic and rare important historical material for studying the great uprisings of peasants of all ethnic groups in Guizhou during the years of Xianfeng and Tongzhi. It is also an indispensable reference for the study of the history of Guizhou in the late Qing Dynasty. .
The peasant uprising of all ethnic groups in Guizhou broke out during the Xianfeng and Tongzhi years. Because of its huge momentum, numerous uprising teams, and persistence for more than 10 years, it is customary in history to describe it as "Xiantong storm". If we carry out a comprehensive and objective analysis of it, it is not difficult to find that this great uprising of all ethnic groups that swept across the Guizhou Plateau, although it did not get rid of the "destiny" of the peasant uprisings in history, was finally suppressed by the Qing government and various forces. It suffered a failure, but the reason for its failure was obviously different from the uprising led by Li Zicheng in the late Ming Dynasty and the Taiping Rebellion of the same period.
In the past research on the great uprisings of various ethnic groups in Xiantong and Guizhou, it is often listed as one of the peasant uprisings in response to the Taiping Rebellion. Judging from the situation in the country at that time, this classification does not seem to be inappropriate. However, if we go deep into the specific reality of the Xiantong uprising of various ethnic groups in Guizhou, there are many issues that need to be reconsidered. The first is the reason that led to the uprising of all ethnic groups in Guizhou; the second is the struggle goals, strategies and tactics of the various rebel armies in the province; the third is for 18 years, although some uprising teams have united with the rest of the Taiping Army. In battle, none of the insurgents believed in "God worship" and claimed to be part of the Taiping Army. Through the above-mentioned investigations, it is not difficult to discover the uniqueness of the Guizhou Xiantong Uprising and its unusual influence on Guizhou society in the late Qing Dynasty.
The intensification of social contradictions in Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty began before the Opium War. In the preface of "Xiantong Guizhou Military History: General Commentary", Ling Ti'an pointed out: "In order to seek the enjoyment of oneself and one family, the rulers support the world by themselves, regard the state as their private property, and exploit the oppression of the people. Harshness, cruelty, but no compassion. People feel the insecurity and impossibility of life, and they (thus) harbor resentment.” In the second chapter, he pointed out: “Qianlong traveled to the south six times, and he was extremely expensive, all because of harshness. Donations are generous. At that time, the material resources were still sufficient to support, Jia (Qing) Road (Guang) was mediocre, because it still did not change, the trend of starting a prairie has been established.” These remarks revealed the accumulation of various social contradictions after the mid-Qing Dynasty, and the intensification of these contradictions directly led to the 12-year uprisings of the Miao and Buyi nationalities in Qianlong and Jiaqing in Guizhou.
After the Opium War, Guizhou, far from the coast, was still deeply affected by the war. The Qing government passed on a large amount of war reparations to the people. Guizhou, which originally relied on "assistance rates" to support the garrison, not only cut off "assistance rates", but also shared 200,000 taels of silver in indemnity every year. All these burdens fall on the poor people who are struggling to the death line, which seems to make things worse. With the large-scale import of foreign yarn, foreign cloth and foreign goods, the self-sufficiency of the rural economy has collapsed, and the impoverished peasants in Guizhou are often displaced and their lives are desperate. What's more serious is that as the smoking and cultivation of opium gradually spread to poison the whole province, it became a social nuisance within the province, and foreign invaders wantonly plundered raw materials and local specialties in Guizhou, making people's lives even more miserable. Many villagers and townsmen "harvest awns all day long for food, and do not allow a single drop to enter the mouth at four o'clock." The interweaving and intensification of various social contradictions is bound to ignite the embers of the struggle that have not yet been completely extinguished after Qian and Jia, triggering an unprecedented uprising storm. In March of the fourth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1854), Yang Yuanbao led an uprising in Dushan. The rebel army once grew to several thousand people, and they once gathered to attack the city of Dushan County. Although this uprising took place in the town of the Qing armyThe suppression was defeated, and Yang Yuanbao also sacrificed heroically, but it opened the prelude to the great uprising of peasants of all ethnic groups in Guizhou in the same year as Xian. In August of the same year, the peasant uprising in northern Guizhou, led by Tailor Shu and Yang Longxi, broke out. The rebels not only captured Jiuba, Tongzi, Renhuai and other places, but also established the "Jianghan regime". After 8 months of persistent struggle, this rebel army was suppressed by the Qian, Sichuan and Qing troops.
The trumpet army with Han nationality as the main body, also known as the teaching army, is a team organized after the branch of the white lotus religion Denghua sect was introduced to Guizhou. Because the members use headscarves as their horns, it is called the horn army. The horned army is the most powerful group in the peasant uprising of all ethnic groups in Xiantong and Guizhou. According to the color of the headscarf, there are red, white, yellow, and blue horned troops. The leaders of the Red Horn Army, Xu Tingjie and Mei Jiding, led the uprising in March 1855. The area of activity was mainly in the northeastern part of Guizhou. They occupied many counties such as Tongren and other counties. They once invaded western Hunan and joined forces with the Miao uprising. fight together. The team went up and down several times and continued to fight until 1864.
He Guanyi led the white army 1857, and for a long time moved to the eastern and southeastern Guizhou areas. This team is led by Liu Yishun, the leader of the Denghua sect, and has established a political and religious regime. Zhu Mingyue is the king of Qin, and there are officials such as the king, the public, the marquis, the township, the marshal, and the general, who engrave and cast money. The White Horn Army once captured several prefectures and counties, and fought jointly with the Red and Yellow Horn Army.
Jingzhuyuan
Huang Haojun also took Liu Yishun as the leader. In 1858, he started his work in Sinan, Huangping, Huangping, and mainly moved to Weng'an, Huang Ping, Shi Bing, and Yuqing. After this team occupied Jingzhu Garden on the east bank of Wujiang River in Sinan County, it used it as a base for the uprising. There are more than 10,000 rebels stationed in the Jingzhuyuan base, with more than 2,000 barracks and more than 20 fortresses. The Qing army attacked Jingzhu Garden many times, but they all returned with halberds. In 1868, the Qing army, led by Xi Baotian , opened the way with foreign guns and foreign artillery, and attacked Jingzhuyuan in a big way. The rebel soldiers resisted heroically, most of them died heroically, and the uprising failed. Another yellow horn army led by He Desheng fought together with the Taiping army Zeng Guangyi and the Miao uprising led by Pan Mingjie, and besieged the provincial capital Guiyang several times.
Qinghao Army was originally active in Sichuan. In 1858, it entered Xishui Sangmuya in Guizhou. After that, it attacked Renhuai County twice, killing Ma Jun in Renhuai County, and then failed due to the disintegration of the Qing army.
The Miao Rebellion Army led by Zhang Xiumei was the most powerful and hardest hit to the Qing rulers in the peasant uprising of all ethnic groups in Xiantong and Guizhou. In April 1855, Zhang Xiumei led a mass uprising of the Miao people in Zhang Meili in Taigong Hall, "a thousand miles of Miao territory. Don't respond", and captured Taigong Hall in one fell swoop. In just over a year, it spanned seven or eight hundred miles and occupied one after another. Danjiang, Kaili, Shi Bing, Qingjiang, Taigong, Huangping, Qingping, Zhenyuan counties. The uprising army not only established the peasant regime, with Zhang Xiumei as the grand marshal, but also issued seals and appointed officials. In the areas controlled by the rebel army, people of all ethnic groups live and work in peace and contentment, living a peaceful life without oppression, exploitation, or extortionate taxes. After 1864, the Qing government mobilized the troops of Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou provinces to besiege the insurgent army. Although the rebels fought valiantly and won brilliant victories such as the Huang Piao Victory, they were finally defeated due to the disparity in numbers. Zhang Xiumei, Yang Daliu and other uprising generals were captured and killed by the enemy. The other Miao uprising armies are: the Miao uprising army led by Tao Xinchun active in northwestern Guizhou; the rebel army led by Yan Dawu in the area of Qianxi and southwestern Guizhou ; the Guiding , The Guiyang front line is the main activity area, and the uprising army led by Pan Mingjie. These Miao rebels fought for a long time, causing heavy losses to the Qing army who came to suppress them.
Hui nationality uprising army led by Zhang Lingxiang , Ma Hetu In January, it took off in Pan County. In addition to the Hui people, there were also the Miao, Buyi, Yi, Han and other ethnic groups who participated in the uprising. The uprising team cooperated with the Taiping Army and the Yunnan Hui Uprising Army. In the three years of fighting, they successively conquered more than 10 county towns including Xingyi, Shuheng, Zhenfeng, Annan, Pu'an and Panxian. During this period, a revolutionary base was established and a revolutionary regime was established.
The leader of the Dong Nationality Uprising Army Jiang Yingfang is from Tianzhu County. In May 1855, he led the Dong people to stage an uprising in Tianzhu, with "big families owe me money, middle families you Mo Yan , small people The slogan "Follow me, beat the big households and divide the land" was deeply supported by the poor people. The rebel army once established the Jiulongshan base and promoted Jiang Yingfang as "Dingping King". After several years of fighting, it has successively occupied the vast areas of Tianzhu, Jinping, Qingxi and Qiongshui, and its momentum has spread to the Dong nationality areas in Hunan. In 1868, the rebel army lost the battle, Jiang Yingfang was unfortunately captured and sacrificed, and the uprising failed.
In the uprising of various ethnic groups in Xiantong and Guizhou, the Bouyei and Shui rebels also played an important role. In the early days of the Bouyei uprising, Zhenning Biandan Mountain and other places were the main activity areas, and later it gradually expanded to Anshun, Yongning and other places. , Jinyin and other leading uprising teams. Although the size of the Bouyei rebels were not very large, they persisted in fighting until the eleventh year of Tongzhi (1872). The leaders of the Shui Rebellion were Pan Xinjian and Wu Bangji, both of whom belonged to Libo Jiuqian. After the uprising broke out, the local Han and Bouyei people joined in one after another. The insurgent army attacked the county seat of Libo four times, and fought jointly with the rest of the Taiping Army to establish an uprising base and establish a political power. In 1869, it failed under the suppression of the Qing army.
Xian and the peasants of all ethnic groups in Guizhou uprising, like a revolutionary storm of peasants shaking the ground. The storm lasted for 18 years, with beacon fires all over the province and more than 30 uprising teams. It was a major historical event that cannot be avoided or avoided in the modern history of Guizhou. Therefore, we need to give this peasant uprising an objective and fair evaluation.
From any aspect, the "Xiantong Storm" is the largest peasant war in the history of Guizhou, and it is also a great peasant revolution that has profoundly affected the historical process of Guizhou. Since this uprising was an anti-Qing uprising involving all ethnic groups in the territory, it broke out at a time when the Qing government was struggling to deal with the Taiping Rebellion, and it was so powerful that it swept the whole province, resulting in a different kind of peasant uprising in history. social effect.
The revolutionary storm with the peasants of all ethnic groups in Guizhou not only led to a deep differentiation in the social structure of Guizhou, fundamentally shaken the dominance of the Qing Dynasty in Guizhou, but also led to the emergence of a group of new officials who rose up to suppress uprisings and were different from traditional bureaucracies. It has contributed to the differentiation of a large number of urban and rural laborers, provided human resources that can be employed for modern workshops and industrial enterprises in Guizhou, and provided space and created conditions for the dissemination of modern reform ideas and bourgeois revolutionary ideas in Guizhou. From this point of view, the Xiantong uprising of all ethnic groups in Guizhou laid a certain foundation for the bourgeois revolution that followed.
Of course, like the peasant uprisings in history, the Guizhou Xiantong Uprising did not escape the fate of failure in the end. But when we discuss the peasant war in history from a new perspective, we cannot make an irrational evaluation of it because of its final outcome, deviating from historical materialism.
(Written by Fan Tongshou)
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