Summary : This article uses the field materials obtained in Hongshanyu to initially show the style of marriage customs in southern Shandong before 1949. Try not to add or delete the interviews, but only slightly organize according to the development sequence of the events, through the memories of the parties. Describe the entire marriage process. They include proposing a marriage before the wedding, consolidating the year of life, writing down the book, opening the door, opening the birth, going to the funeral, making the bed, covering the quilt, filling the box, , preparing for the wedding, and wearing wealth and honor during the wedding. Marrying, crying, marrying , posting happy pair, burning wedding paper, unlocking the sedan door, throwing the tent , worshipping the heavens and the earth, picking red, copying the cabinet, making a room, drinking wine, delivering the bed, listening to the bed, and picking up after the wedding A series of programs such as cabinets, face opening, , family worship, relatives, and call to the moon.
访谈时间：2001年9月29日
访谈地点：山东省枣庄市山亭区凫城镇红山峪村田厚庵家
访谈对象：田厚庵、李桂云夫妇
访谈人：刁统菊
本文原: " Folk Culture Forum " 2004 Issue 4
A wedding in 1942
◎ Diao Tongju 19. How many years have it been? Me, one seven, two seven, three seven, four seven, five seven, six seven, 60 years." 76-year-old Tian Hou'an narrowed his eyes when he talked about the time when he was young. A smile appeared on his lips. And his family [2] is not that kind of feeling. "His family is full of children, a litter of children. After we got married, the two of us often gasped. He used to put shoe soles outside the door. If he didn't want to, he grabbed something and threw it over, but it was broken!" Mrs. Li Guiyun It seems full of resentment, but when we chatted about the wedding of the two old people, the 59th anniversary of their marriage was still the same as usual, sometimes fighting each other, but more of a strong resonance from the bottom of my heart.
Li Guiyun's family is in Luzhuang Village, Qicun Town, Shizhong District, Zaozhuang City. When she got married, she was carried by the bearer over the mountains to Hongshanyu. The matchmaker is Tian Hou'an's aunt and the niece of Li Guiyun's maternal grandmother. Although they have made a big detour, the two are still cousins and younger brothers. Tian Hou'an has always called the old man an uncle. Because both of their grandmothers were surnamed Zhou, their mothers were still cousins.
They got married in 1942. At that time, the woman looking for her husband's family was a good owner. [3] A man is looking for a wife. He wants to find someone who is capable and inseparable. He also has to know how to be filial to the elderly and not be able to live a good life [4]. The poor boy in the family is very content to find someone who knows how to dry and get wet. No matter how bad it is, just find someone who knows that it is raining and runs into the house[5].
Although the years and months were chaotic at that time, it was still indispensable to have a life together. Both take this seriously. Tian Houan is a tiger and Li Guiyun is a rat. Folks believe that cats and tigers have a master-disciple relationship, so in terms of the zodiac, rats and tigers are mutually exclusive. However, Li Guiyun is " sea gold ", Tian Hou'an is "fire in the furnace", as the saying goes, "good gold can't catch up with the sea gold, good fire can't catch up with the fire in the furnace", so it seems to be a first-class marriage.
Since the two families are relatives, they are naturally familiar with each other, and the matchmaker is Tian Hou'an's pro-girl[6]. Li Guiyun's father called her cousin, but the Li family did not inquire about the situation of the Tian family. Tian Houan thought that "they are all relatives, and there is no need for a relative, so what kind of relatives are there?". However, Li Guiyun said earnestly: "Neither grandfather nor mother came to Xiang's house. If I did, I would not be willing." Tian Hou'an did have many children in his family. His mother gave birth to a daughter shortly before he got married. He himself is the eldest son and grandson, and there are many children in the family who need to be taken care of. After Li Guiyun got married, he often went to the river to washKids clothes and diapers.
The two have the same conditions in all aspects, and they are kissing and kissing. The old people of the two families are quite satisfied with this marriage. Therefore, the Tian family determined a double date, and the matchmaker was busy in the middle to inform the Li family to prepare. The matchmaker's husband, who is also Tian Hou'an's uncle, brought a man of a lower generation (also chosen by the matchmaker) with a book on his back, and had a banquet at Tian's house in the morning and the same banquet at Li's house at noon. Both have to find someone to accompany them.
The so-called Tongshu, commonly known as "red paper green posts". It's actually a sixteen-kilogram red paper. As for whether there is any writing on it, after being married for so many years, neither of the two old people remembers it. However, the presence or absence of words does not affect the utility of Tongshu. With Tongshu, Li Guiyun "was born a member of the Tian family, and died a ghost of the Tian family". At that time, people who had some things carried two silver dollars pressed through the book along with the book. However, the Tian family was so poor that they didn't even have the bran to hold back, let alone money.
Shortly after the marriage was decided, the Tian family felt that the family really needed manpower, so they started soon. Xiaqi is actually a hint to the woman that the man will get married soon and can prepare for the dowry. The Li family sent a message, hoping to have a dress. The Tian family sent four rings, four flower-leaf-shaped pins with spikes, and two pairs of earrings, but these silver jewelry together could not keep up with the weight of a silver bracelet. In addition, there is a dress, bright red, with flowers, a kind of fabric woven from southern hemp, called Nanma locally. Tian Hou'an's father picked up a little cigarette under a big locust tree, sold it, bought a cloth and gave it to Li Guiyun.
Because of this, the Tian family also felt "frustrated" and felt that it was not worth talking about such a daughter-in-law with such a good piece of cloth. Mrs. Li Guiyun said, "It was said to be made of satin at that time. Where is it? It's thick and hard. Later, it was worn by several people. They were all used as coveralls." clothes to wear. At that time, the local people were very poor, and even Nanma's cover road clothes were very good, and it was difficult to buy anything worse. There are a few girls who get married without a road coat and borrow it from Li Guiyun.
Although the Tian family urged him to marry a daughter-in-law, Li Guiyun's father was reluctant to bear his daughter. However, "a good woman does not stay in the middle, and if she stays, she will become an enemy." When Li Guiyun was 18 years old, her father finally agreed to the Tian family's request. When the matchmaker came to Li Jiarang Kaisheng, he wanted to know where Li Guiyun was born. Then, the matchmaker returned to Tian's house with the eight characters of the birthday. The Tian family asked the old man to find someone who could watch the day to find an auspicious day, and determined that the happy day would be on the twenty-seventh day of the twelfth lunar month. Entering the twelfth lunar month is a good day, so there is no taboo, making the bed and getting on the sedan chair does not require any possessions. After
set the date, Tian Houan and his son went to the temple fair on October 1, and spent 11 yuan to buy a "face bed"[7]. Coincidentally, I met my in-laws at the meeting that day, but because everyone was a little stranger, Tian Houan was only 17 years old and very shy, so he didn't say hello. After Li Guiyun's father returned, he immediately told his daughter, "The man surnamed Tian is buying a bed." One sentence made the daughter blushed.
It's time to get married soon. The Tian family considered that the 27th day of the twelfth lunar month was the end of the year, and everyone was busy in and , so they did not plan to invite the man's guests. Calling guests and sending wedding invitations are naturally exempted, and wedding gifts are also confiscated. In fact, to determine this day, on the one hand, it is indeed a good day, and on the other hand, it also takes into account that the family is poor and unable to entertain guests. At the same time, the society is turbulent, people are uncertain, and there is no way to call relatives. During that time, "the Eighth Route Army fought with the traitors in the village", and the Tian family's house was bombed, so they had to move to the main family[8] in nearby Fuzhuang Village to find a thatched hut to live in. Like the Tian family, many people in the village are on the run.
On the afternoon of the first day of the happy day, my uncle took Tian Hou'an to the forest to go to the happy grave. Tian Hou'an's nephew was carrying the red mat, and his uncle was carrying a sack, which contained items for going to the grave. First, they started burning incense, burning paper money, offering wine, and setting off firecrackers from the grave of Tian Hou'an's nearest relatives. After pressing a square piece of red paper on top of the grave, Tian Hou'an knocked down one grave by one grave. According to the seniority, the uncle also introduced to Tian Houan one by one who was buried in the grave.
At the same time, the second aunt and sister-in-law of Tian Hou'an, who were welcoming the relatives at home, were busy making the wedding bed. They tied the two bundlesThe stalks are spread out and placed down the roots to the end where the groom is sleeping. Be careful not to break the stalks. The head must be smooth, which is called "one smooth and one hundred smooth", which indicates that the young couple will have a smooth life. Two bales of straw are laid on top of the stalks, which are used to prevent future childbirth from dying. Next, spread the thatch and red mat. After the mats were laid, I found Tian Hou'an's nephews to roll around on the bed, hoping that Li Guiyun would have a big fat boy in the first year after he got married. After everyone laughed together for a while, they dragged them down, and then put on a mattress and a quilt.
Mattresses and quilts are set in advance. The quilt has two sheets and three linings, and the quilt has three sheets and four linings. The cotton inside the quilt was pitiful, and felt very thin: "It froze two people that night." There was a red top mat above the bed and a red mat on the ground. The side of the bed against the wall should have been surrounded by a mat. There should also be a canopy above the bed, but the Tian family is too difficult, and there is no extra money to buy a ring seat. Because the ring seat is large, its price is higher than the sum of the other three seats. Moreover, the Tian family is living in a relative's house, so all these are exempted.
got married in Fuzhuang, so I asked the people of Fuzhuang to write it, and then I found a few young guys from the family who helped to post it. Suddenly, the yard was full of joy. The chef is the elder brother of the family. He is in charge of setting up the banquet, and the dishes are bought in advance. The sedan chair was rented from Fuzhuang Zhou, and Tian Houan has a good memory: "The old man who carried the sedan chair is still alive, and he is ninety-one."
's dowry includes a pair of boxes and a pair of horses, the latter given by Uncle Li Guiyun. In addition, there is a copper ocean basin. The old people remember that it took more than 20 years to use it, and it was only in the 1960s that it was "taken away, saying that the bill from the Soviet Union would be repaid, and it was sent to the production team by my son with a waist drum when he was in school." In the basin were a comb, a small mirror, a pancreas , and a tin lamp for cooking vegetable oil. These were all prepared by Li Guiyun's father in advance. There are still more than ten days before the happy day, and everyone who adds boxes will come to deliver fruit boxes. As a result, the two boxes could not hold it, so I had to carry it with a pick. Since they received the fruit box, the Li family held a wedding reception on the morning of the happy day, and also entertained the neighbors who carried the dowry.
Before getting married, Li Guiyun hadn't eaten for three days, so he drank some water when he was thirsty. Still, she was "frightened to death, afraid to urinate when the time came." Although she was always hungry, she was busy helping her mother bake pancakes the day before she got married. At that time, one of Tian Hou'an's nephews happened to see it and joked: "It's broken! My aunt can't be hungry anymore." Tian Hou'an heard this, and interjected: "Can you make pancakes after three days of not eating? You should steal two to eat. "The words are quite sympathetic.
The night before, my father and mother filled the cabinet. My brothers all hoped that I could decorate more things for my sister. My mother sewed a pair of pillow skins and put them in the cabinet. On the morning of
's wedding day, the Tian family sent a sedan chair to to pick up the bride with a happy quilt and a blush. Li Guiyun wore a cotton-padded jacket and trousers that day. Of course, it was very comfortable to wear cotton-padded clothes in winter, but even in Futian June, he also paid attention to wearing cotton-padded clothes when he got married. [9] Li Guiyun's father knew how to buy things and dress up his children. The flowers he bought had bells and two little bees on them, and they staggered and looked beautiful when they walked.
The lezi on the head is still from my grandmother, and it is embroidered with seven flowers: one in the middle and three on each side. A silver pendant, long and bright, was sewed down on the Lezi. A pair of coins with red threads are tied around the ankles, and red threads are wrapped around the soles of the feet, and a pair of coins are also nailed on them. The green embroidered shoes, red socks, and bright red and green contrasts are very sharp, making Li Guiyun's little feet particularly beautiful. On that day, the bride could not wear red shoes, otherwise it would be equivalent to jumping into a fire pit.
After drinking the wedding wine, Li Guiyun dressed up, and the bridegroom was almost waiting. Uncle and uncle (the man who sent the kiss) said, "It's getting late, let's go! Let's get married!" The second aunt of the hospital (the woman who sent the relatives) covered Li Guiyun with a blush, and one person helped her out the door.Get on the car. She was pulling her father's old pair of shoes upside down, so as not to be stained with her mother's soil, which would make her mother's family less wealthy in the future. Before she could go out, she started crying, "I'm scared, I'm thinking about it, I don't know how this end [10] is going." The mother cried in the house, but didn't go out. Dad stood at the door watching her go, with tears in his eyes. Brother, uncle and uncle walked a few steps with the sedan chair, holding the sedan chair firmly, afraid that she would not be used to it and panic.
Years ago, several married couples met on the road. Because of "happy seeing, there must be a seedling", in order to prevent any unlucky thing to happen to a newcomer, under the guidance of sending relatives, everyone exchanged the money in their hands. It is said that this can be broken.
Tian's family estimated that the bride was coming soon, so they asked Tian Hou'an's uncle and sister-in-law to burn wedding paper in front of the incense table. It is said that this is to send a letter to the gods of heaven and earth, informing him that he is ready to be worshipped. On the
incense table, there is a small bucket made of wicker, which contains sorghum . A steel scale was inserted into the sorghum, and the top of the scale was tied with a red ribbon with a blue towel. The bronze mirror rests on the bucket against the scale. It was covered with red paper, and it was also filled with grain, and a stick of incense was lit on it. [11]
When the sedan chair arrived, firecrackers sounded immediately, and the nearby villagers had come to watch, waiting to see the bride. The two little girls came to the sedan chair, and each exchanged the money in the bride's hand with one word of money. Winter is short, and after the bride arrives, the Tian family has no temper. The weather was cold, and guests were quickly welcomed into the house, or they had to stay outside for a while, commonly known as Pawa, and then come in after worshipping the heavens and the earth. Sending female guests on donkeys has to go back in time, so let them eat early and send them away early, "guests are like home."
As soon as the bride enters the gate, the woman who greets her kisses the bride with bran, chestnuts, dates, money, straw, etc. on the bride's shoulders, and at the same time she mutters: "One handful of chestnuts and one jujube, I will hold a big one next year. Fat little". Then, he came to Xiangtaizi and began to worship heaven and earth.
Tian Hou'an's clothes and hats were bought by the second uncle: the robes made of Ma Ge material were made of seven taels of cotton, just in time for the snow, "it was frozen", and the top hat was bought by the second uncle who sold more than 100 catties of grain , was too rare at the time. The mother wrapped a red thread around the brim of her hat, and everyone could tell that he was the groom at a glance. According to the host's arrangement, the newlyweds kneel and kowtow at the same time. One is the heaven and the earth, the other is the high hall, and the third is the husband and wife. Men and women, young and old, surrounded by a group, the children grabbed the candy, and the adults watched the fun. They did not change their earrings when they worshipped heaven and earth, because they were poor.
When the newlyweds entered the bridal chamber, Tian Houan used a rolling shaft to pick up the blush on the bride's head and threw it on the shed amid the loud laughter of the crowd. The woman who greeted the relatives said, "There is one elementary school student a year with a red face covering the awning." [12] After picking red, put the little bucket in the northeast corner of the bed for 3 days. The two women who greeted the relatives and the two women who sent the relatives asked the bride to take out two pillow skins[13]. The two parties competed to fill in Mai Rang, each filling 7 pieces, and whoever filled them first lived a prosperous and happy life. . The red window paper on the rear window is from Tian Hou'an's near-door brothers and sisters, but they will be wiped off, so as not to have a child in the future, they will be dumb.
Then, the mother-in-law copied the cabinet, but Li Guiyun didn't see the buns in the cabinet. She turned her head and said to me, "It's really the same as a beggar." Tian Houan added embarrassedly: "I was afraid that two devils would come, and they were all poor. The beggar was also stronger than us." Four dishes and ten bowls (eight fruit dishes, four cold dishes, and ten hot dishes), no big pieces (chicken and fish), steamed buns are steamed by themselves. The pots are made with firewood picked up from the mountains. Although the Tian family put in a lot of effort, because they were so poor, the banquet was not even satisfactory. Li Guiyun remembers that "wedding wine is the same as not drinking it". Two tables of guests came to the woman's house. Although the Tian family did not plan to invite others, some relatives who were close [14] came. In this way, there are about four or five tables in total. It's late in winter, and it's getting late when the feast is over. Those who are happy, those who accompany the guests, the bride and groom and their parents come out to see the guests away together. At the same time, they had to give a pair of buns and a few cents to the dowry bearer and the one who posted the green dragon post.
It's getting dark, and the bride's tin lamp is lit in the new house. The aunts, sisters-in-law, aunties, etc. who are noisy, there are also some men of the same generation as Tian Houan or men of the same generation as Takada Houan.people. Everyone was clamoring for cigarettes, sugar, and fruit. It was snowing and that day. It was extremely cold, and people gradually dispersed after a while. There was no alcohol at that time, so the two of them were sent to bed by the bride-to-be without even drinking the wine to start a show.
The welcoming woman burned a big red piece of paper on which the male and female of the bed were painted and sang along the way: "The male and female feet of the bed are gods, and my family will be in charge of the family. Not only the family, but also the money, the whole bed will be brought by the children. Don't carry a rope, don't beg for food, and only want to ride horses, draw bows and shoot arrows." Afterwards, my mother-in-law came over to roll a dimple in front of the bed, and said as she rolled, "Roll a dimple in front of the bed, and hold my grandson next year. A small pot is placed in front of the bed, and a small nest is placed in front of the bed." Can't sleep all night. It didn't take long for the room to be noisy, but there were many people listening to the bed.
The next day, when he got up in the morning, Li Guiyun picked up the cabinet and picked out two Li Niang cakes, fruits, cigarettes, red eggs and gave them to his mother-in-law. The second aunt opened her face, smeared some lime on her face, turned the egg around her face a few times, and then used the red wire harness[15] to face her face, and sang "Red egg, face all over, eat your happy bun this year. Mo, eat your red eggs next year". Opening the face is not just gestures, Li Guiyun still remembers the pain of the few strokes just now. Later, when she called Duanyue, she went back to her parents' house to find her third aunt and had a good time. After
opened their faces, the newlyweds kowtowed to their parents together, each kowtow twice. In the opposite month, Li Guiyun and her husband would kowtow to their mother-in-law sooner or later. Next, the whole family eats one cake from Li Niang, and the other cake is waiting for the woman, but it was called "Hui Niang Cake" at that time. In this way, one family has one cake, and both families have a good life.
Then, the newlyweds were led by the bride-to-be and went to Hongshanyu Village with the nephew who carried the red banquet to pay homage to ancestral graves, family members, and relatives. The newlyweds had to give a kowtow, but at that time everyone was so poor, how could anyone give a kowtow? The old lady still felt at a loss, and said angrily, "I didn't give you a cent!" The third day was the 29th day of the twelfth lunar month, and I had to go to Xiji Town to kowtow to the second uncle. On the second day of the first lunar month, Li Guiyun's uncle and brother came over to drink some tea and left with his sister. On the sixth day of the first lunar month, they carried the steamed buns on the scorpion and the fruit to send to Li Guiyun. In addition to bringing her husband a belt that he sewed by himself, Li Guiyun also sewed a cigarette packet for each of the men in her husband's family, which also contained some tobacco leaves. Tian family entertained them in a full-fledged banquet. When they left, the Tian family returned half of the gifts brought by the woman, as well as a piece of cake.
On the morning of the first day of the first lunar month, the dumplings were rotten, and everyone said it was the matter of the new daughter-in-law. It is said that if there is any accident at home within three years, it will be the fault of the new daughter-in-law[16]. There is even a saying in the villages near Hongshanyu: "Marry a daughter-in-law, build a main house, and you will be poor and rich in three years." After running out of everything in the house, I had to mix the only little wheat noodles with rice noodles to make dumpling skins. Of course it will stick.
In the second year, because they couldn't move in the first month, they moved back to Hongshanyu in February, and temporarily lived in the Four Mothers' House. Later, Li Guiyun often fell ill, and a blind fortune-teller said: "People have private money, you have private disease. This is to move the blind bed. A small nest is dug on the ground under the middle of the bed, and five kinds of grain must be caught, sorghum, millet, etc. , beans, mung bean , wheat, pour it once a day for nine consecutive days. After all germinate, boil the grain and drink it. In the second year, I will drink your brown sugar tea .”
Later, Li Guiyun did the same, The buds are more than half a foot long. I drank it in April and gave birth to a big fat boy on the 28th of the first lunar month of the second year. It was also the first time that Tian Houan heard the family talk about this matter. He felt that he was still poor: "Poor! I work a lot and I'm tired; if I don't eat well, can I not get sick?"
After Li Guiyun married Fuzhuang , because the surname Tian had invited other new daughters-in-law of the village, so she was called once by every family surnamed Tian in Fuzhuang, and she had a feast a day for a whole month. Later, she did not dare to come to Fuzhuang again, because she was afraid People dragged home to eat. Calling a daughter-in-law is a local custom. Whoever married a new daughter-in-law in the family should invite the newly-married daughter-in-law to those who are more familiar with the same surname.Go to your own home for dinner. Thirty years later, her second daughter took the wheelbarrow and got married to Fuzhuang, and there was not one in the family, so she experienced almost the same taste as her mother back then.
Note:
[1] The ages in this article are all false years.
[2] refers to the wife.
[3] A young man with two acres of land is more popular.
[4] Wasteful, lazy daughter-in-law.
[5] means neither stupid nor stupid.
[6] The aunt is called "girl" locally.
[7] The styles and grades of hi-beds are different. Four woods supporting a bed frame is called a rake bed; for example, three to four wooden frames are made in front of the rake bed, and the wooden frame is called a razor bed without wood panels; Beds and wooden boards are often painted with four seasons of flowers. Most of the paintings are "bee chrysanthemum" or "butterfly peony" (bees and butterflies are "breathing" living creatures, meaning life), " carp wearing lotus" ( Meaning reproduction), "Magpies make plums" (meaning auspicious and festive). There are two wooden boards at both ends of the face bed, which is commonly known as Sanna, and one end of the Sanna is installed on the bedside table to become a canopy bed.
[8] family.
[9] is booming.
[10] This is the man's side.
[11] The bronze mirror is the mirror of the demon. People think that the wedding ghosts and ghosts will take the opportunity to "enjoy the incense" and make a mess, put on the mirror, and you will be safe. The purpose of weighing is to ward off evil spirits. A liter is a wooden trapezoid, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, with only the top opening. The sound of "sheng" is the same as "sheng", which means "birth".
[12] This move is to hope that the new daughter-in-law will have a boy. Elementary school students and books refer to boys, while things like Zhenxian baskets and flowers symbolize girls.
[13] Pillowcase.
[14] Close relatives, such as girls and older sisters who marry first. The
[15] dialect reads as "out". "Tie your face" is to open your face and twist the hair on your face with a thread.
[16] Bringing disaster to others due to bad life, also called gram.
About the author: Diao Tongju, female, Han nationality, was born in Tengzhou, Shandong in April 1976. Doctor of Law ( Folklore ), professor and doctoral supervisor of the Folklore Research Institute of the Advanced Institute of Confucianism, Shandong University. Deputy editor-in-chief of "Folklore Research", deputy secretary-general of Shandong Folklore Association . He has published academic monographs "Marriage Customs", "Research on Relationship of Affinity in Rural Society in North China", "Hengding Village", and "Chinese Contract Documents in the German Bavarian State Library" (co-edited). The paper "Local Practice of Marriage Repayment System" won the 2nd Shandong Taishan Literature and Art Award in 2009.
This article first published "Tengzhou Literature", reprinted to spread more local culture.
