Thoughts on the History of Contemporary Calligraphy in Tengzhou 2: Famous Cultural and Artistic Organizations and Representative Calligraphers Schools

at the time In the "Longquan Tower Award Collection of Tengzhou Calligraphy" published by Jiji (signed by Tengzhou Calligraphers Association), I saw that the calligraphy of Yang Zhiji, Min Yinnan, Yuan Yusen and others were also invited as "Congratulation Works".

7. Concern for two famous cultural and artistic organizations in Tengzhou

Let me talk about Wang Xuezhong Art Museum. It is located in the east of Tengzhou City, with the city river on the left and the main road on the right. There is the Longquan Tower in front and Longgu Mountain in the back. The foundation was laid in 1987 and the building was completed the following year. It is a quiet and elegant southern residential building with white walls and blue tiles. The gate faces west, and the gate tower hangs on a plaque with six characters "Wang Xuezhong Art Museum" inscribed by the famous painter Guan Shanyue. It seems that Qufu also has a painting gallery of Wang Xuezhong. In October 1994, Wang Xuezhong donated cultural relics to his art museum, and made a special trip to Tengzhou to donate his precious cultural relics, which he had collected for many years, with a 10-meter long scroll of Song painting and 12 well-preserved figurines of the Tang Dynasty.

Let me talk about the Mozi International Research Center. In front of Wang Xuezhong Art Museum is Mozi International Research Center. In 1992, the first International Symposium on Mohism jointly organized by Shandong University and Tengzhou City was held in Tengzhou. After democratic consultation, the conference passed the articles of association and established the Chinese Mozi Institute. The participating experts and scholars unanimously elected Fei Xiaotong, the vice chairman of the committee, as the chief honorary chairman of the Chinese Mozi Society. The research center was established in 1994 and is a research place integrating office, collection, exhibition, conference and tourism. At present, the historian has no final conclusion on the birthplace of Mozi, and Tengzhou is said to be the least controversial place in Mozi's hometown. The Research Center is the first and only institution in the world to study Mohism and commemorate Mozi. Why do these two organizations say that they are well-known cultural and artistic organizations? Wang Xuezhong is a native of Tengzhou. Painting and calligraphy and his theoretical research have driven the exhibition of Tengzhou calligraphy and painting art, and he is one of the key people to reverse the wind. The Mozi International Research Center is even more famous, and it is also one of the most important venues for calligraphy research, appreciation and collection. It is even said that these two organizations sometimes "overwhelm" the Teng Book Association and the Youth Book Association. Although it makes people uncomfortable to hear, this is true. Both have contributed a lot to the development of contemporary calligraphy history in Tengzhou.

In addition, the Tengzhou Han Portrait Museum is also not involved.

Wang Xuezhong Art Museum

Mozi Memorial Hall

4. Research on the Types of Contemporary Calligraphers in Tengzhou

Speaking of calligraphers, the huge group of calligraphers in Tengzhou is estimated to be as many as five or six hundred people, and the Chinese Calligraphers Association and the Provincial Book Association have Hundreds of people. Drawing lessons from some research models of calligraphy history and comprehensive analysis, there should be five existing types. For example, the "Republic of Calligraphy Series·Book History Volume" (Jiangxi Fine Arts Publishing House, 2009) compiled by Li Yi and Liu Zongchao contains such sayings as painter's book, scholar's book, and calligrapher's book. A brief analysis is as follows:

1. People whose ancestry or origin is in Teng County

whose ancestry or origin is in Teng County, but the person is not in Teng County. For example, Min Yinnan, Chen Xishan, Jiang Kaizheng, Tan Yiwen and Chen Jiusu belong to this type.

Min Yinnan of Xinjiang (1939—), born in Teng County, Shandong Province, with the name Fanrong, the name Yinnan, and the word line, the room name Luhua Bieguan, the family of painting and calligraphy, and he graduated from Shandong Qufu Normal University in the 1950s. (Now Qufu Normal University), under the tutelage of Mr. Kong Duanpu, later engaged in education for a long time. In addition to calligraphy and painting, he also involved in the study of literary history, poetry writing and calligraphy and calligraphy review, and published the "Collection of Min Yinnan Calligraphy and Painting Works". He is currently a librarian of the Xinjiang Government Literature and History Research Center, the dean of the Xinjiang Academy of Calligraphy and Painting, a member of the Chinese Calligraphy Association, and the deputy director of the Creation Review Committee of the Xinjiang Calligraphy Association.

Chen Xishan of Dongying (1945—), born in Teng County, Shandong, graduated from the Geography Department of Shandong Normal University (now Shandong Normal University) in 1968, a famous book writer, current member of the Chinese Book Association, consultant of the Provincial Book Association, Huanghekou, China Chairman of Calligraphy and Painting Art Research Association, China StoneYan Kaihe is an adjunct professor of calligraphy at the University of Oil Painting. There are 3 volumes of "Chen Xishan "The Art of War of Sun Tzu" Calligraphy", "Chen Xishan Calligraphy Collection", "The Heart and Sensation of Calligraphy Art", etc.; and "Drunk Mo Zhuo Zhuo Zhai", "Zhu Zhuo Zhai Imagination", and "Calligraphy" There are many book studies such as "There are Laws", "Excellent Works and Goods", "Three Flavors of Book Beauty", "Shu Jing Yi Jing", "Book Appreciation and Three Knowledges". In "The Records of Yan Zhenqing" published in 1998, 54 representative works of Yan Zhenqing were selected by Mr. Chen.

Jiang Kaizheng (1935—) of Jining, born in Teng County, with the word Gongzhao, is currently the president of Qufu Calligraphy and Painting Society, honorary chairman of Qufu Calligraphy and Painting Association, honorary chairman of Jining Calligraphy Association, senior consultant of Shandong Painting Academy, director of Provincial Calligraphy Association, China Members of the Book Association, etc. Since childhood, he likes painting and calligraphy, and has been persistent in pursuit for more than 40 years. In the early 1970s, he studied under Professor Jiang Weisong. I have studied Wei stele, stone drum inscriptions, Han bamboo slips, two kings, Zhang Xu, Mi Fu , Wang Duo and other ink rubbings. From the Tang Kai to the Wei stele, from the Wei stele to the seal calligraphy, then to the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties. And draw the essence from sister arts such as painting and literature, and constantly enrich and perfect his own artistic style.

Tan Yiwen (1956—) from Suzhou, born in Tengxian County, was not a member of Yingwen, the owner of No. Jiazhen Thatched Cottage, and the owner of Xin Gengzhu. He was a member of the Chinese Book Association in 1982, and was elected chairman of the Jiangsu Youth Book Association in 1986. Vice Chairman of Suzhou Books Association. The young child accepted the court instruction, followed his father to learn books, and later became Fei Xinwo's disciple. The calligraphy is bold and unrestrained, vigorous and vigorous, and unique in style. The freehand flowers are fresh and elegant, meaning timeless. His works have won many awards in major competitions at home and abroad, and have been collected by influential art galleries and museums at home and abroad. Published "Selected Works of Tan Yi's Documents and Paintings", "Collection of Tan Yi's Documents and Paintings", "Tan Yiwen Hard Pen Calligraphy Copybook", etc.

Chen Jiusu from Beijing (1975—), formerly known as Chen Yanfeng, written by Zhuofeng, Zhaihaoyi Weng Yitang, born in Teng County, graduated from the University of Mountain Science and Technology, now a member of the Chinese Calligraphy Association, director of the China Coal Mining Association, deputy secretary general of the Seal Cutting Committee, published "Contemporary Masters: Everyone in the Funeral Posts", "The Collection of Contemporary Calligrapher Chen Yanfeng's Calligraphy Works", "The Collection of Contemporary Seal Engravers Chen Yanfeng's Seal Carving Works", served as the editorial board member of "Central Academy of Fine Arts Wang Yong Studio Collection of Past Students" and "Commemorative Anti-Japanese War" Executive editor of "Collection of Paintings and Calligraphy Exhibition of 100 Generals of the Country" on the 60th Anniversary of Victory The personal feature film was broadcast on the Scola Satellite TV Network in the United States and the Yellow River TV Station in China. The two kings of calligraphy mechanics, the traditional Chinese painting is outstanding and the seal cutting is clean and neat.

Of course, Wang Xuezhong and Ma Shixiao are also calligraphers of this type. Frankly speaking, this classification has a certain degree of intersectionality. For example, painter books, Wang Xuezhong also belongs to this group of calligraphers, and so does Liu Fanchang. If we go deeper into actual writing, we will strive to resolve the cross-cutting problems of these two- and three-dimensional calligraphers. Why this type of calligrapher group will put it in the first position to explain, because they have not been in Tengzhou for many years, but they care about Tengzhou, so I will explain it first.

2. Leading the trend of calligraphy development in Tengzhou——Also talk about calligraphy groups such as seal carving and hard pen calligraphy

, both in Tengzhou and not in Tengzhou. The more prominent ones are Wang Xuezhong, Ma Shixiao, Li Huating, Ma Jianjun and Liu Fanchang, among the top 3 None of them are in Tengzhou, and the last two are in Tengzhou.

Wang Xuezhong (1925—), born in Baogou Town, Teng County, was formerly known as Wang Yan, with the word Yanzi, under the pen name Yebo, the poet Tenggu, and the night name Yanweng, and his room name was Pomozhai. In 1942, he was admitted to the Chinese Painting Department of Beijing Jinghua Academy of Fine Arts. His calligraphy skills are profound, and all styles are good, especially good at cursive script, bold and vigorous, ups and downs, his painting is mainly landscape, he is proficient in calligraphy and calligraphy theory, and has written many works. In 1953, he taught at Tianjin University. Published "Calligraphy Essentials", "Chinese Painting Study Book", "Wang Xuezhong Art Theory", "Wang Xuezhong Calligraphy Theory", "Wang Xuezhong Calligraphy and Poems Collection", "Yebo Painting Collection", etc. The current vice chairman of the Chinese Calligraphy Association, the chairman of the Tianjin Calligraphy Association, the director and professor of the Art Institute of Tianjin University Graduate School, the consultant of the Chinese Poetry Society, the professor of the Art Department of the National University of Tsukuba in Japan, the vice president of the Beijing Chinese Yanhuang Painting Academy, the special painter of the Tianjin Academy of Painting, etc. Job. He once put forward the famous theory of writing scriptures, praying to stand in line with the stele school and calligraphy. (See "Wang Xuezhong Talking about Art Records", Shandong Pictorial Publishing House, 2009).

Li Huating calligraphy

Ma Shixiao (1934—), born in Teng County, high school in Xuzhou No. 1 Middle School, 196Graduated from the Tea Department of Zhejiang Agricultural University in 0, and only reissued his diploma more than 10 years later. Now living in Hangzhou, he has made great grass like clouds and flowing water, free and easy, beautiful and colorful, unique style, it deserves its place in the history of contemporary Chinese calligraphy. He successively served as Vice Chairman of Zhejiang Book Association, Member of Chinese Book Association, Honorary Chairman of Zhejiang University Book Association, Consultant of Zhejiang Book Association, and concurrently Professor of Gome. He published the special collection "Ma Shixiao's Two Kinds of Grass", "Ma Shixiao's Cursive Script Wing Chrysanthemum with 22 Quatrains", published academic papers "Zhang Zhi's Cursive Script Series Research" and many other articles. The editor-in-chief of "The Complete Works of Chinese Calligraphy·Liu Yongjuan" (the deputy editor is Zhang Qifeng). (Refer to Li Yanhua's "The Rhyme of Grass-The Biography of Ma Shixiao", Xiling Yinshe Publishing House, 2005.)

Li Huating (1941-2006), born in Teng County, died in Zoucheng, word Jingru, number He is a member of the Chinese Poetry Society, a member of the Jiangnan Poetry Society, a member of the Chinese Couplets Society, a member of the Chinese Calligraphy Association, and an academician of the Calligraphy and Painting Academy of Qushi University. Originally worked in the cultural department in Zouxian County, he is good at cursive script, which is quite distinctive. He is good at writing poems, such as "Boats on the Weihu Lake", which says: "I will revisit the small lake and Taohuawu. No one has arrived in love recently, and the little dogs bark along the embankment endlessly." The book includes "The Poetry Collection of Fuyang Thatched Cottage". "Fuyang Caotang Poems", "Fuyang Caotang Wencun", "Fuyang Ci and Songs", "Fuyang Liantie", "Fuyang Ruler Slip" and so on. Since Zoucheng is only half an hour's drive from Tengzhou, it is relatively close and convenient for return, so he has a great influence on Tengzhou's calligraphy.

Among the current residents in Tengzhou, the one who has profound and comprehensive calligraphy skills is Ma Jianjun (1964-). He was born in Tengzhou, his name is Hengxuan, the nephew of Ma Shixiao, a postgraduate, a member of the Chinese Calligraphy Association, a member of the Chinese Poetry and Lyrics, a director of the Provincial Printing Society, the chairman of the Tengzhou Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and the honorary chairman of the Tengzhou Calligraphy Association. Once taught in Shanda, he often went to Hong Kong and other places to hold calligraphy and seal cutting exhibitions. He edited "Wu Shou Zhai Yin Cao", "Ma Jianjun Calligraphy and Seal Cutting Collection" (I have this book), "Shu Liu Poems" and so on. He was once rated as "Shandong Top Ten Young and Middle-aged Calligraphers". The four-type calligraphy is very sophisticated and good at seal cutting. I dare not say that in Tengzhou, except for Mr. Wang Xuezhong and Ma Shixiaoer, he has the best calligraphy, but it can be said that he is the best in Tengzhou. There should be no objection. Recently, I like to use light ink to write large seal works in bronze inscriptions. The style is very high, the lines of cursive practice are bold and powerful, and the structure changes naturally, which is not easy.

Yang Wen (1976—), born in the 70s after studying calligraphy at Gome, returned to Tengzhou. After a few years of self-study, after admiring Ma Jianjun under the guidance of an expert, she became well-rounded and thriving. The cursive script has emerged in the country and gained a lot. He started with a calligraphy college entrance examination training class in Tengzhou. Looking at his early calligraphy videos, the hard pen calligraphy belongs to the style of Pang Zhonghua, and he has worked hard on Huai Su's "Self-reported Post". He is now a member of the Chinese Calligraphy Association, a member of the China Hard Pen Calligraphy Association, a member of the China Peasants and Workers Democratic Party, and the first member of the Calligraphy Brothers.

elaborated on Mr. Liu Fanchang in the painter's book, which will not be expanded here.

In addition, the independence of seal cutting itself is becoming stronger and stronger, and it may be in the near future to become an independent art category. Now, Professor Huang Dun of Nanyi has started to recruit doctors of seal cutting on the basis of recruiting doctors of calligraphy. He has graduated for one term. Ma Jianjun's excellent seal cutting skills can only be discussed when discussing his calligraphy.

Is calligraphy art for hard pen calligraphy? There have been controversies in the theoretical circles for many years. However, the rapid development of Chinese hard pen calligraphy over the past 30 years is indeed obvious to all. After 2000, with the gradual popularization of computers, the actual overall writing level of hard pen is indeed worrying. This unhealthy trend has blown into the campus, and students' writing skills are not optimistic. Therefore, when Professor Wang Yuanjun, the first calligraphy postdoctoral fellow of Mr. Zhongshi, said that it is a luxury for students to write horizontally and vertically, it aroused great resonance. It can be said that in recent decades, the development history of contemporary hard pen calligraphy in Tengzhou is also a strong stroke. For the sake of scientificity and concentration of theoretical research, it will not be the focus for the time being, just a brief description.

3. Most of the officials and military scholars

do not live in Tengzhou, such as Wang Yuxi, Li Jing, Lin Zhaoyi and others.

Wang Yuxi's calligraphy

Wang Yuxi (1939—), born in Jiangtun, Teng County, former deputy governor, honorary president of the Modern Chinese Mozi Society, director of the Chinese Calligraphy Association, and honorary chairman of the Provincial Calligraphy Association. Participated in the study of Mozi Many, for the Tengzhou Mozi Research Association and its institutionsHe has made a lot of efforts in construction, and he is the author of "Mozi Six-Type Calligraphy" (this book has been overestimated by Qi Gong). Regular script is based on the European style, and all styles of Zhen, Cao, Li, seal and Xing are all well written.

Li Jing (1930—), born in Teng County, junior college, general rank, love calligraphy, calligraphy lover. It is suggested that those who belong to calligraphy enthusiasts or amateur level can put it in the last appendix-"Who's Who of Contemporary Calligraphy in Tengzhou".

I remember that Lin Zhaoyi (1939—), the former mayor of Tengzhou City more than 10 years ago, was also a calligrapher. He was fascinated by the art of calligraphy and calligraphy. The regular script was very good. Xiao Tengguo of Tengcheng also wrote the regular script couplet. It seems that he has learned mao style calligraphy. The "Commodity Wholesale Market" at Tengzhou West Bus Station is said to have imitated his mao style more than ten years ago, with his signature next to it, which is still there. Mr. Lin was originally from Wenshang County, Shandong, and graduated from the Chinese Department of Shandong Normal University (now Shandong Normal University). He was a former teacher, Secretary of the Party Committee of Shandong University of Technology, Secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of Shandong Social Science Federation, Vice Chairman, Member of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Political Consultative Conference, etc. Job.

4. The painter book group

This is also a huge group. It can be divided into three categories, one is those who are both calligraphy and painting, who are both good at calligraphy and traditional Chinese painting, the other is those who are good at calligraphy and those who are average in traditional Chinese painting, and the other is those who are both ordinary in calligraphy and traditional Chinese painting. For example, Liu Fanchang is a master of calligraphy and calligraphy, but for those who are outstanding in calligraphy, the third category does not need to be explained, and the proportion is higher.

First, let's talk about the books of the three painters Liu Fanchang, Cai Kegang and Ding Fanfu.

Liu Fanchang described it in the previous "Lifetime Achievement Award", which is developed in conjunction with the artist's book. Mr. Liu is not only good at calligraphy and Chinese painting, but also good at poetry (creating nearly a thousand poems). Calligraphy is good at cursive, many stores and company signs in Tengzhou have been written almost by him, Wang Xuezhong and Ma Shixiao in the past 20 years.

Cai Kegang (1940—), a native of Weishan, Shandong, graduated from the Fine Arts Department of Qu Normal University, a national first-class artist, a researcher at the Wang Xuezhong Art Institute, deputy director of the Art Committee of the China International Academy of Painting and Calligraphy, and a friendship between China, Japan and South Korea. Director of the Association, Professor of Correspondence University of Chinese Painting and Calligraphy, famous for his flower and bird painting. Since childhood, he was influenced by his grandfather Yan to embark on the road of calligraphy and painting, and was engaged in the creation of Chinese paintings of flowers, birds, fish and insects under Chen Yupu. Calligraphy Xingkai is also very good.

Ding Fanfu (1934—), born in Teng County, with the name Youzeng, and the pen name Fanfu, studied painting in the 1960s, first came to "Jieziyuan Painting Book", and later taught by the painter Yue Yangshu, good at freehand flowers and birds, especially fine painting The plum is beautiful in style, elegant and popular. It has been praised by Professor Yu Xining or Wang Xuezhong, and has the reputation of "the beautiful plum in southern Shandong". National first-class artist, member of Shandong Art Association, vice president of Tengwangge Painting and Calligraphy Research Institute, director of Canada World Calligraphy and Painting Association, member of Hong Kong International Calligraphy and Painting Exchange Association, creative committee of China Academy of Art Literature and Art Market Research Center, Singapore New China Academy of Art Honorary consultant, Vice President of Tengzhou Mozi's Hometown Painting and Calligraphy Research Association. After

, he said that painting and calligraphy are not good, and those who know how to furnish themselves. There are simply too many such people. They either sell lamb and sell dog meat, or are simple and simple. Strictly speaking, they are calligraphy fans. Most of them are either limited to knowledge or wisdom. Therefore, they have been wandering the same way and have made little progress. It is recommended that such calligraphy lovers can change careers in time. Perhaps changing the field will bring another world-shaking situation.

5. The group of unknown calligraphers

is also called "Wolong calligraphy group" or "hermit calligraphy group". This group of calligraphers is different from the "hermit calligraphy group" in the late Yuan Dynasty. There are many such groups of calligraphers, so I need to introduce a few, such as Wu Yongxun, Zhang Yurun, Su Shiquan and others.

My mentor, Wu Yongxun (I have always been called Ye Wu), was born and died in unknown years, and he should have been born in the early 1920s. I was recognized by Master Wu as the 17th disciple (that is, the closed disciple) from 1993 until I left Tengzhou to study in Jinan. Subsequently, Wu Ye went to Qingdao's eldest daughter's home to support his life in 2000, and died in Qingdao in 2004. Master Wu is good at Yan Kai and laid the foundation for "Multiple Pagodas". During the Cultural Revolution, he was interrupted with his right hand, and then he practiced left-handed script, which is also a rigorous regular script. The seal cutting belongs to the style of Han and Bai No.1, rigorous and clear, and Zhu Bai is distinct. Master Wu is good at Chinese medicine, but unfortunately I don't know Chinese medicine. According to him, he overcomes the difficulty of Chinese medicine for cancer treatment. I have seen his works on Chinese medicine. They are all written in ginseng small letters, and they are decorated in blue cloth and ancient style.

Zhang Yurun, about 50 years old, is a native of Zhang San, a native of Tengzhou-level Suozhen, Li Cao is very good. I met when I was in high school. According to him, he was asked to go when the Tengzhou Book Association was first formed, but he did not go. His books Lin Yan Zhiqing, Wang Xizhi, Sun Guoting, Wen Zhengming, Huai Su, etc., are based on official script and integrate seal script and regular cursive script. They are a unique family, and it is difficult to be classified into any type of script. Just like Shutong's calligraphy, each style is complete, and it can only be called "calligraphy", and cannot divide the ownership of calligraphy. His calligraphy is true, cursive, and official script. He is a rare calligrapher who can write five kinds of characters.

Su Shiquan, year of birth and death unknown, teacher of Tengzhou No.11 Middle School, member of the Chinese Book Association, passed away a few years ago, graduated from Zaozhuang Teachers College (now Zaozhuang College) in his early years, the official script and Weibei are very good, but unfortunately it has a modern calligraphy atmosphere too Too much, but not in depth. However, his book is fair and reasonable as a whole, and is very suitable for beginners. Sometimes I write about the body. Teacher Su likes Xiang Gong and insists on running on Longshan.

Of course, the research on the types of contemporary calligraphers in Tengzhou also has something to discuss. If one or two more types are added, the crossover problems between them are basically avoided. But the painter's book is really difficult to solve, and there are many people who paint well and write well. In addition, there are not no figures in the "four unique" styles of good Chinese painting, calligraphy, seal carving, and good poetry. Artists with four unique styles of "poem, calligraphy, painting, and seal" and "true, grass, official, and seal" four There are still outstanding calligraphers. For example, Ma Jianjun is an almighty bookmaker. This requires special treatment for special circumstances.

In addition, there is Yue Shi (1940—) from Zaozhuang Teachers College (now Zaozhuang College). Since his hometown is in Tengzhou, I will also talk about it. Yue Shi, formerly known as Wang Xianren, was originally an associate professor at Zaozhuang Teachers College. He is now a council member of the Chinese Modern Calligraphy and Painting Association and vice president of the Provincial College Calligraphy Research Association. In 1993, he was invited to give lectures in Japan. The book was collected by the famous Japanese calligrapher Imai Lingxue (1922-) and Honda Kodo. He created a new school of painting-philosophical painting, a painter who integrates life, life and painting into one with a high spiritual realm. He studied Picasso and studied Picasso all his life. His Chinese painting style is unrestrained and colorful, and the Japanese gave it a lofty title-"Oriental Picasso"!

Yue Shi calligraphy

Originally, Yue Shi should belong to the second type of calligraphy group-who can lead the trend of calligraphy in Tengzhou; he is also a painter, and can also be included in the ranks of painters. After all, the prefecture-level city of Tengzhou belongs to the Zaozhuang area, and the distance between the two places is very close, so his radiation effect on the development of Tengzhou's calligraphy cannot be underestimated. This is another strong evidence that the five types of calligraphers overlap.

Yue Shi is also a representative of "academic calligraphers". The "academic calligraphy" advocated by Chen Zhenlian in the late 1990s is one of the main reasons I say Yue Shi is a college calligrapher, but here "academic calligraphy" The meaning of is somewhat flexible. Yue Shi's calligraphy also had an impact on Japanese calligraphy. The full-page "Tokyo Newspaper" of Japan launched Yue Shi's works, which, like Wang Xuezhong, "flowers inside the wall and red outside the wall". He walked out of the face, with his own characteristics and style. The disconnection of the cross-fold strokes is the obvious manifestation of his logo style. Later, he consciously simplified the font structure and thickened the strokes of the face, which has a heavy meaning.

• Time of writing: This article was written in 2011 and revised in 2020:

(the full text totals 21,000 characters, to be continued~~)