Huazhong University of Science
Branch
of Tsinghua University: Yutian Uncle
Source: know almost
2. Education
New China's education system, from the four-stage education methodology of elementary school, middle school, high school, and university, to the division of age, the standard of student organization, the division of colleges, and majors, is completely borrowed from the Soviet Union.
Here is only a small example: the Soviet Red Scarf Teaching Method.
As long as the students who have taken Chinese courses, they should know that Chinese teachers often first introduce the author’s time background, then summarize the main idea of each paragraph, summarize the author’s writing techniques and characteristics, and finally ask you the author’s central idea of writing.
I randomly searched for a supplementary textbook, which looks like this:
Many of us may have come through the language education step by step. We bought all the textbooks from elementary school and found that the full explanations of the textbooks are better than the teachers. The lecture was still detailed.
We have received such language education for so long that we have become accustomed to it, and think that language education should be like this? But as long as we use our brains a little bit, we will find that this kind of Chinese education cannot be our ancient way of Chinese education.
The way of thinking in Chinese culture is to emphasize sensibility and perception. Starting from Confucius, he emphasized that education should be inspired. The so-called "indignity" and "inferences", the ancient Chinese were more taboo to speak too truthfully in articles. A detailed explanation like the complete explanation of the textbook should be trivial and undesirable in the eyes of ancient Chinese.
In fact, this teaching method came from the Soviet Union. The
teaching method is also called "Red Scarf Teaching Method".
In May 1953, Soviet education expert Pushkina came to Beijing Women's Sixth Middle School to observe a teaching class "Red Scarf". Facing the traditional Chinese “teacher speaks, students listen” slow teaching method, Pushkina was outspoken and criticized during the class evaluation stage. Taking this as a starting point, the Chinese language circle set off the first reform of Chinese teaching methods.
After this, according to the "Syllabus of Soviet Middle School Literature", Chinese teaching in my country was completely ruled by the "red scarf teaching method".
"Red Scarf Teaching Method" has a certain promotion effect on the development of Chinese teaching in our country, mainly in the following two aspects:
First, "Red Scarf Teaching Method" promotes the reform of teaching methods. The "Red Scarf Teaching Method" pays attention to starting from the actual situation of the students, rationally arranging the teaching time, reforming the "string teaching method" that does not ask the students to explain the actual situation, and paying attention to mobilizing the initiative and enthusiasm of students to use heuristic teaching; Pay attention to the analysis of the text itself to carry out ideological and political education. This is an in-depth study of Chinese teaching, and at the same time it promotes the overall reform of Chinese teaching: the discussion and learning craze triggered by the "red scarf teaching method" has completely changed the teacher's speech and students' listening from the classical Chinese teaching method. The rigid situation makes Chinese teaching, especially modern Chinese teaching, a lively situation.
Secondly, the discussion on the "Red Scarf Teaching Method" also established a modern teaching mode. On the basis of the "five links" teaching mode, the basic mode of Chinese teaching, especially modern teaching, has been gradually established: (1) Problem solution, author introduction, background of the times, etc. (2) Fan reading, explaining new characters and vocabulary, students' questioning, etc. (3) Analyze the text, structure analysis, character image analysis, key and difficult point analysis, etc. (4) Summarize the main ideas. (5) Research the characteristics of writing. This method not only makes Chinese return to the Chinese text itself instead of falling into the empty political interpretation, but also has a very important meaning for ordinary teachers, especially the less experienced teachers, to master the teaching routine and improve the teaching quality on a large scale.
Of course, the learning wave triggered by the "Red Scarf Teaching Method" has also had some adverse effects on the development of Chinese teaching. Later, the accusations against the "Red Scarf Teaching Method" focused on the "talking method"Abuse and abuse of "appreciation method", "analysis method" and the formalism tendency of the five-link classroom structure.
It can be said that until now, our language education still has the shadow of the Soviet red scarf teaching method.
Here, let me say one more thing. Don't think that the Soviet Union is bad and backward, and the European and American ones are excellent and advanced. At least not all in education.
For example, in the Soviet Union’s 1930s education programmatic document "The People’s Committee on Education Declaration on National Education", many of the contents have had a profound impact on our country’s education. I think these effects are more pros than cons:
( 1) Implement universal compulsory elementary education; (2) Schools at all levels are open to everyone; (3) Schools are absolutely free from religion (education is completely secular); (4) To establish a unified Soviet school; (5) National education funding Pay and increase the education budget within the national budget; (6) Implement democratization of national education, attract educators to discuss the issue of building new schools, and attract farmers to participate in the management of education; (7) Train teachers for public education and improve teachers The political and economic status of the country; (8) Soviet education must fully consider the local and national characteristics, and so on.
Author: Three New Youth
three comprehensive universities specialized division and recombination
Description:
adjust Chinese Colleges and Universities is under the auspices of the integration and restructuring of domestic institutions of higher learning in China conducted by the Census People's Republic of China, in scale than The bigger one has twice. The first time was in the early 1950s when the central government decided to rebuild the education system, so it split a large number of departments in the original comprehensive universities and reorganized them into new specialized schools. It reflects from one aspect that China's higher education learning draws on the Soviet model of higher education and is affected by both positive and negative aspects. In a narrow sense, "faculty adjustment" usually only refers to the first time.
Background:
At the end of 1949, the newly established People’s Republic of China began to adjust the departments of higher education in a small scale, namely: Peking University and Nankai University's education departments merged into Beijing Normal University, Tsinghua University, Peking University, North China The agricultural colleges of the three universities merged into Beijing Agricultural University.
On June 1, 1950, the Minister of Education Ma Xulun clearly stated for the first time at the First National Higher Education Conference: "We must, under a unified policy, make preliminary adjustments to public (private) higher education Certain departments in order to better meet the needs of national construction." In June of the same year, Mao Zedong put forward at the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China: "The reform of the old school education and the old social and cultural undertakings should be carried out in a step-by-step and cautious manner." "On this issue, delaying time is unwilling to reform. The thinking is wrong".
At the end of 1951, there were 206 colleges and universities nationwide, mainly in Beijing (21), Shanghai (27), Tianjin (8), Jiangsu (12), Guangdong (12), Liaoning (15) and other coastal areas Big city. Due to historical reasons, only Sichuan (25) and Hubei (11) have more universities in the central and western regions. However, the total number of colleges and universities in central and western regions such as Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Henan, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Tibet, is only 29.
In the early 1950s, due to the political climate and the pressure of industrialization, and also due to the Soviet education model (a national centralized plan, a system in which the central government’s various ministries and commissions and the provincial government invested and managed separately) was compatible with traditional Chinese educational values. The new regime transplanted the Soviet model by transforming the old education, rebuilding the education system, and negating the European and American education system, and the adjustment of faculties and departments was its product.
policy: The adjustment policy of
is to remove the specialized colleges established in comprehensive universities and establish independent specialized colleges to meet the actual needs of the national economic construction urgently in need of professional talents at that time. This caused the original comprehensive university to be split, and several important components Some of them are merged with departments of other colleges and universities to form new schools, or the departments of some schools in provinces (cities) and other provinces (cities) are adjusted to form new schools.
Content:
The adjustment has produced many professional engineering schools, such as the four major engineering schools-Huazhong Institute of Technology (now Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Nanjing Institute of Technology (now Southeast University), South China Institute of Technology (now South China University of Technology), Dalian Institute of Technology (Now Dalian University of Technology), such as now on Beijing Xueyuan RoadThe top eight colleges-Beijing University of Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, former Beijing Medical University, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China University of Mining and Technology, China University of Petroleum, China Agricultural University, Beijing Forestry University, etc. In another example, the Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine moved to Wuhan, merged with the Wuhan University School of Medicine, and was renamed "Central South Tongji Medical College". Another example is Shandong Ocean University (now developed into Ocean University of China) formed by integrating the marine disciplines of Shandong University, Fudan University and Xiamen University. In addition, because missionary universities violated Marx’s philosophical material principles, missionary universities such as Shanghai St. John’s University and Aurora University were dismantled and assigned to other universities.
Impact:
This adjustment of faculties has greatly increased the number of higher education institutions in China. This adjustment of departments has caused many problems. Many sociology, political science and other disciplines were stopped or cancelled. Universities across the country began to learn to spread Soviet-style indoctrination education. Since then, colleges and universities have lost their teaching autonomy. All private universities and church universities were abolished. The original comprehensive university has become a liberal arts school. In essence, the inheritance of the original university from the new university is quite different from that of the original university. However, the liberal arts school that inherited the original name often claims to be the authentic heir of the original university, resulting in alumni affiliation Problems such as confusion and unclearness have also caused a complete break in the inheritance of the college. For example, the existing liberal arts and law schools of Tsinghua University have nothing to do with the former in the 1950s. They are new departments established under their old names after the reorganization in the 1990s. Later, the so-called comprehensive universities were essentially liberal arts schools. New universities were mostly liberal arts or science and engineering colleges with strong professionalism. Most Chinese universities had a single subject and uneven development. This eventually led to the re-merging of a large number of institutions after the reform and opening up.
Author: Nie rendering South
four red scarf
remember to wear every day during your elementary red scarf it? When I was in elementary school, I was on duty every day to check the Young Pioneers team badge and red scarf. If I didn't wear the red scarf, we would deduct a point from our class. Once the head teacher also criticized some students because their red scarves had been folded into a thin red string. The noon broadcast during our elementary school is called Red Scarf Radio. Every day after lunch, we will hear "Red Scarf Broadcasting Starts Now!" including the songs in my music class when I was in elementary school all mentioned the Red Scarf, such as "Let's Dang the Sculls" "The red scarf is facing the sun and the sun shines on the sea", "The bright red scarf is floating in the forest, and that is the gorgeous rainbow in the morning." Until middle school, I participated in the Young Pioneers’ exit ceremony. This is me Wearing a red scarf for the last time.
but you know what? In fact, the red scarf originated from the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1917, Lenin led the people to victory in the revolution in Russia. At that time, the Orthodox Church was very powerful in Russia, and children would wear a red scarf as an identification mark every Sunday when they attended "Sunday Class". After the victory of the Bolshevik Revolution, the Russian Communist Party established the Young Pioneers in order to strengthen the communist education of their children. At that time, Russian society regarded the red scarf as a kind of honor, and the Russian Communist Party (cloth) accepted it as a whole, using the red scarf as a kind of Young Pioneers. Sign, and give a new meaning-the corner of the red flag. Most members of the vanguard organizations in European and Asian socialist countries wear red scarves, and some countries have different styles and methods of wearing the vanguard scarves. Wearing a red scarf for the guests has also become one of the etiquettes of the Young Pioneers, which is common in the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, the German Democratic Republic, and North Korea.
Countries still using red scarves: Cuba: lower grades wear blue scarves and upper grades wear red scarves.
Belarus: After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, they wore a green and half red scarf, and the Belarusian Republican Youth League wore a red scarf with a green border.
Tajikistan: After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, he wore a red scarf with a white and green border on the national flag.
Only China and North Korea use pure red scarves.
Author: Xue Zhonglian
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